Reformers to Radicals (44 page)

15
. Appalachian Volunteers, Council of the Southern Mountains, Evaluation
Comments, by J. Hoge T. Sutherland, May 15, 1965, AV Papers, box 12. See also Oral History Interview with Roslea Johnson, June 24, 1991, Des Moines, IA, WOP Oral History Project.

16
. Appalachian Volunteers, Council of the Southern Mountains, Evaluation Comments, by J. Hoge T. Sutherland, May 15, 1965, AV Papers, box 12.

17
. Ibid. While Sutherland believed that improving schools meant consolidating schools, fixing existing structures meant improvement to the AVs and, thus, had the same effect.

18
. Ibid. Unfortunately, the actual questions Sutherland asked are not in neither the AV nor the CSM papers.

19
.
Christmas in Appalachia
, CBS News Special Report, December 22, 1964; Batteau,
The Invention of Appalachia
, 13 (see also 7, 10, 147, 161, 162–63, 166, 167).

20
. Depressed Area USA, Suggested Story Line, [ca. 1964], CSM Papers, box 74.

21
. Perley Ayer to Richard Boone, January 28, 1965, AV Papers, box 4. The argument that only the Council was capable of leading Appalachian reform efforts is also articulated in Project Request from the Council of the Southern Mountains, Inc., to the Office of Economic Opportunity, January 26, 1965, AV Papers, box 25. In this document, it is argued that the War on Poverty was failing because local communities lacked the knowledge to fight poverty effectively. The Council was the only agency “that cuts across all governmental lines in the area” and that can provide “the help local communities need.”

22
. On the three outside colleges, see Activities: January 1–February 23, 1965, under Contract between Community Action Programs, Office of Economic Opportunity and Council of the Southern Mountains, Inc., AV Papers, box 3.

23
. Memorandum, Perley Ayer to Dorothy Crandall, November 27, 1964 (first quote), CSM Papers, box 103; Gibbs Kinderman to Chuck Peters, February 4, 1965 (second quote), AV Papers, box 22.

24
. Loyal Jones to Donald Crane, University of Pittsburgh, November 18, 1964 (first quote), CSM Papers, box 104; Serge Hummon, United Church Board for Homeland Missions, to Loyal Jones, January 22, 1965 (second quote), AV Papers, box 25; Flem Messer to Rev. Donald E. Van Voorhis, February 19, 1965, AV Papers, box 26; Gibbs Kinderman to Hugh Allen, Beliot College, July 20, 1965, AV Papers, box 20; Milton Ogle to David Madden, University of Louisville, April 21, 1964, AV Papers, box 1; Thomas Rhodenbaugh to M. Eugene Mockabee, Pennsylvania State University, November 16, 1965, AV Papers, box 26; Daniel Fox to James M. Perrin, April 18, 1966, AV Papers, box 25. The general correspondence files of the Appalachian Volunteers Papers are filled with letters to volunteers from all over the United States. See esp. box 26, file 5, Kinderman, Gibbs, Field Coordinator.

25
. The Bard College Field Period, [October 1965], AV Papers, box 25; Richard Blass to Lionel Duff, March 23, 1964, CSM Papers, box 101. See also Richard Blass to [CSM], March 17, 1964, and Loyal Jones to Richard Blass, March 19, 1964, CSM Papers, box 101.

26
. Clarke Moses to Appalachian Volunteers, October 8, 1966, and Tom Rhodenbaugh to Clarke Moses, November 2, 1966, AV Papers, box 26.

27
. Loyal Jones to L. M. Baker, Purdue University, March 11, 1964, CSM Papers, box 101; [Handwritten Notes from the Appalachian Volunteers Fall Conference], [December 5, 1964] (first quote), AV Papers, box 2; Perley Ayer to Paul Cunningham, NBC-TV, September 27, 1964 (last quote), CSM Papers, box 120.

28
. Gibbs Kinderman to Tim Sword, Wilmington College Appalachian Project, January 20, 1965, AV Papers, box 22. The article Kinderman was referring to is “Collegians to Fix Jackson School,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 20, 1965, sec. 2, p. 1.

29
. William Wells to Vernon G. Wills, Wilmington College, December 4, 1964, AV Papers, box 22; [Appalachian Volunteers] Eleventh Progress Report, January 1965, AV Papers, box 3; Otis Johnson to Tom Rhodenbaugh, April 2, 1965 (quote), AV Papers, box 70.

30
. Weekly Report for Week of March 19 to March 29, [1965] (first quote), AV Papers, box 30; Appalachian Volunteers Information Sheet for Programs in County School, Bill Marshak, Earlham College [Project], Decoy, Knott Co., March 15–29, 1965 (second quote), AV Papers, box 70. See also Wiley Smith, Earlham College, to Bill Wells, February 21, 1965, AV Papers, box 30; and Bill Wells to Wiley Smith, February 24, 1965 (for the Decoy project), AV Papers, box 30.

31
. Queens College Appalachian Summer Program, [ca. 1965], AV Papers, box 22.

32
. Ibid.

33
. Thomas Rhodenbaugh to Larry Qualls, March 9, 1965, AV Papers, box 28; Thomas Rhodenbaugh to [University of Kentucky AV Spring Break Project Participants], March 6, 1965, AV Papers, box 28.

34
. Appalachian Volunteer Information Sheet for Programs in County Schools: Larry Qualls, Spruce School, Knox County, March 15–20, 1965, Appalachian Volunteers Information Sheet . . . Benjamin Kutnicki, Spruce Pine School, Knox County, March 15–20, 1965, Appalachian Volunteers Information Sheet . . . Carol J. Powell, Spruce School, Knox County, March 15–20, 1965, Appalachian Volunteers Information Sheet . . . Frank McCough, Ligon School, Floyd County, March 15–20, 1965, Appalachian Volunteer Information Sheet . . . Lainy Grosscup, Bruin School, Elliott County, March 15–20, 1965, Appalachian Volunteer Information Sheet, Dave Keller, Bruin [School], Elliott County, March 15–20, 1965, and Appalachian Volunteers Information Sheet . . . Joseph
A. Blazie, Wellhope School, Rockcastle County, March 15–20, 1965 (quote), AV Papers, box 28.

35
. Appalachian Volunteer Information Sheet . . . , Tongam H. Loebis, March 15–20, 1965 (first quote), and Appalachian Volunteer Information Sheet . . . , George Dritsas, March 16, 1965 (second quote), AV Papers, box 28. Both these individuals visited four schools. For information on mountaineer attitudes toward education, see chapter 3.

36
. Appalachian Volunteer Information Sheet . . . , Lainy Grosscup, . . . March 15–20, 1965 (first quote), Appalachian Volunteer Information Sheet . . . Frank McCough, . . . March 15–20, 1965 (second quote), and Appalachian Volunteer Information Sheet . . . , Dave Kelleher . . . , March 15–20, 1965, AV Papers, box 28.

37
. The biographical data sheets are in AV Papers, box 28.

38
. [Appalachian Volunteer Biographical Information Form], [ca. March 1965], respondents G, B, and Y, respectively, AV Papers, box 28 (all emphasis added). Because federal law protects the privacy of those who worked in publicly funded programs, the individuals in question cannot be identified by name. The letters correspond with the order in which the forms are filed in the AV Papers.

39
. Ibid., respondents T, C, S, and J, respectively.

40
. The twelve counties, and the communities in which VISTA volunteerss operated, are listed in Appalachian Volunteers VISTA Schools, [1965], AV Papers, box 12. See also Appalachian Volunteers Progress Report, January 1–March 31, [1965], AV Papers, box 3.

41
. For the number of summer volunteers and their states of origin, see High-Lights of Appalachian Volunteer Program, [ca. 1965], and Memorandum, Milton Ogle to William Lawrence, OEO, July 16, 1965, AV Papers, box 20. Loyal Jones to Burton Rogers, October 18, 1965 (first quote), AV Papers, box 25; AV Distribution of VISTA Application, Sister Eileen to Milton Ogle, September 9, 1966, AV Papers, box 31; Bill Wells to Forrest E. Simomeau, September 10, 1966 (second quote), AV Papers, box 31; Thomas Rhodenbaugh to Miss Jean Schnall, May 12, 1967 (third quote), AV Papers, box 31; [Memorandum], To the Members of the A.V. Board from Mark Cheren, n.d. (last quote), AV Papers, box 7; and Kim [Hashizumi] to [Appalachian Volunteers], February 3, 1967, AV Papers, box 24. See also Bill Wells to Cleveland Sellers, April 14, 1967, AV Papers, box 31.

42
. Memorandum, To All Appalachian Volunteers Staff from D.M.F. [D. M. Fox], [ca. 1965], AV Papers, box 25. See also Perley Ayer to Wiley R. Smith Jr., July 1, 1965, AV Papers, box 4. The Library of Community Action Styles is in AV Papers, boxes 123–25. The “library” presented certain situations to the trainees without offering resolutions. It was the potential volunteer's job to determine how to resolve the problem contained in each particular case study.
See also Oral History Interviews with Jack Rivel, February 12, 1991, and March 15, 1993, Berea, KY, and Loyal Jones, November 19, 1990, and March 15, 1991, Berea, KY, WOP Oral History Project.

43
. The responses of the Earlham students are in Appalachian Volunteer Information Sheet for Programs in County Schools, [1965], AV Papers, box 22. See esp. the forms completed by Christine DeCou, Wiley Smith, and Philip Scott. Yet another Earlham student, James Read, stated that he had “had no orientation.”

44
. John W. Hogarty, Antioch College, to Milton Ogle, March 15, 1965, AV Papers, box 22.

45
. Handwritten Memorandum, M[innie] M[aude] Macaulay [to Perley Ayer], [ca. June 1965], AV Papers, box 4; Florence Brooks to Perley Ayer, [ca. June 1965], AV Papers, box 4.

46
. Bob [Coles] to Dan [Fox], July 13, 1965, AV Papers, box 12; Harry Caudill to Mrs. [Ann] Pollard, March 6, 1965, AV Papers, box 21; James W. Haas, OEO, to Dan Fox, December 22, 1965, AV Papers, box 35.

47
. Annual Report—VISTA, [ca. 1967], AV Papers, box 28 (first quote); Council of the Southern Mountains, Inc., Report of Appalachian Volunteer Activities, 1965 (subsequent quotes), AV Papers, box 8.

48
. Council of the Southern Mountains, Inc., Report of Appalachian Volunteer Activities, 1965, AV Papers, box 8.

49
. Appalachian Volunteers Community Case Studies: Joshua: The Trumpet of Hope (Addendum to OEO Demonstration Grant Proposal), 1965, AV Papers, box 3.

50
. William Wells to Mr. Lacey, John F. Kennedy Memorial Library, November 29, 1966, AV Papers, box 26; “This refers to community work that I did in Northeast Kentucky . . . ,” by Bill Wells, [1966], AV Papers, box 21; Memorandum, Flem Messer to the Executive Staff of the Council of the Southern Mountains, [1966], AV Papers, box 34.

51
. Weekly Report from Area IV Period: 30 January–7 February, 1965, [by Bill Wells] (first quote), and Weekly Report for Week of March 19 to March 29, [1965], [by Bill Wells] (second quote), AV Papers, box 30.

52
. Activities Report—Monday, May 24–May 28, [1965], Flem Messer, AV Papers, box 29; Ivy L. Reese, Some of My Work, [ca. 1966], AV Papers, box 29; James E. Kendrick to Appalachian Volunteers, September 23, 1965, AV Papers, box 25.

53
. Sue Leek to Milton [Ogle] and Dan [Fox], n.d., AV Papers, box 34.

54
. Loren Kramer to Milton Ogle, December 16, 1965, AV Papers, box 25; Kim [Hashizumi] to [Appalachian Volunteers], February 3, 1967, AV Papers, box 24. For a discussion of the attitudes and desires of “change agents” in the southern Appalachians, see Whisnant,
All That Is Native and Fine
,

55
. Merrill, “Strategy in the War on Poverty.” Merrill came to the mountains as an AV-VISTA.

56
. Ibid.

57
. P[aul] D. Merrill to Dan [Fox], January 29, 1966, AV Papers, box 34.

58
. See Matusow,
The Unraveling of America
, 254–65.

59
. Thomas Rhodenbaugh to Walter Dillon, Assistant Editor,
Kiwanas Magazine
, November 16, 1965, AV Papers, box 22.

60
. Flem Messer to Marvin C. Swanson, Cushing Academy, Ashburnham, MA, February 18, 1965, AV Papers, box 31.

61
. Hoskins, “Appalachian Volunteers Evaluate Project.”

62
. William Wells to Larry Kelly, University of Kentucky AV Chapter President, April 9, 1965, AV Papers, box 30; Activities Report, April 26–April 30, [1965], Flem Messer (first quote), AV Papers, box 29; Activities Report for March 29–April 10, [1965], Flem Messer (second quote), AV Papers, box 29.

63
. Grisham, “A Hollow Place.”

64
. Jack Rivel to Judy Grisham,
Kentucky Kernel
, April 25, 1966, AV Papers, box 35.

65
. Judy Thomas to Dan Fox, March 24, 1966, AV Papers, box 25.

66
. Judy Thomas and Julia McKeon to Eleanor Constable, VISTA, Washington, DC, May 31, 1966, AV Papers, box 35. The Bell County Economic Opportunity Council was the county CAP.

67
. See, e.g., the discussion of the Mill Creek Project in chapter 2.

1
. Oral History Interview with Loyal Jones, November 19, 1990, Berea, KY, WOP Oral History Project.

2
. Ibid. See also Lilienthal,
TVA
,

3
. Milton Ogle to Governor Edward T. Breathitt, April 20, 1965 (quote), AV Papers, box 20.

4
. Statement on the AV-VISTA Program, [ca. 1965], AV Papers, box 35. On the issue of local acceptance of the Volunteers, see Oral History Interviews with Jack Rivel, February 12, 1991, Berea, KY, and Flem Messer, September 26, 1990, Danville, KY, WOP Oral History Project.

5
. Report for the Week of April 26 through May 8, [1965], [by Bill Wells] (quote), AV Papers, box 30.

6
. Reflections on Trace Fork, n.d., AV Papers, box 3.

7
. Impressions of Thousandsticks, by Judith Allcock, n.d., AV Papers, box 3 (emphasis added in last quote). Records indicate that Allcock hailed from New Jersey.

8
. Ibid.; Reflection on Trace Fork, n.d., AV Papers, box 3.

9
. Flem Messer to Dr. B. H. Jarman, President, Pikeville College, April 2, 1965, AV Papers, box 26.

10
. Gish's statements are contained in “Eastern Kentucky: Where Did Hope
Go?” (speech delivered at the Urban Affairs Workshop of the Council of the Southern Mountains, Berea, KY, July 14, 1964), AV Papers, box 31.