Resistance (36 page)

42
. Gutman, “A Warschauer of the Ciechanow Group,” 157–158.

43
. Zabludowicz, “A Comrade of the Hashomer Hatzair,” 295.

44
. Herta Fuchs, nee Ligeti, “Camp Love with a Capital L,” in
The Union Kommando in Auschwitz
, trans. and ed. Shelley, 71–76.

45
. Kagan, “The Investigation as Seen by an Inmate of the Political Section,” 288–289.

46
. Gutman, “A Warschauer of the Ciechanow Group,” 158.

47
. Personal interview with Helen Spitzer-Tichauer, known as Zippi, 1994.

48
. Czech,
Auschwitz Chronicle 1939-1945
, 775.

49
. The literature includes a great variety of these executions. I tried to include the least obtrusive one.

50
. Summaries of Kielar's last stages of his slave-like existence under the German occupation are described in the last forty pages of his memoirs; Wieslaw Kielar,
Anus Mundi
(New York: New York Times Book Co., Inc., 1972), 260–300.

51
. Gutman, “A Warschauer of the Ciechanow Group,” 156.

52
. Ibid., 156–157. Right after the end of the war, a moving testimony was offered by the woman, Birkenau prisoner Mania Kampel, about the uprising in the Sonderkommando in Betti Ajzensztajn,
Ruch Podziemny W Ghettach I Obozach
(Underground movements in ghettos and camps) (Warszawa: Centralna
Å»
ydowska Komisja Historyczna w Polsce, 1946), 197–200.

53
. See Alexander Donat, ed.,
The Death Camp Treblinka: A Documentary
(New York: Holocaust Library, 1979) and Zabecki Franciszek,
Wspomnienia Dawne I Nowe
(Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Pax, 1977).

54
. Richard Glazar, personal interview, Switzerland, Basel, 1995. See also Glazar's
A Trap with a Green Fence
(Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1995), 36. The quotes in the text come from this interview and Gitta Sereny,
Into the Darkness from Mercy Killing to Mass Murder
(New York: McGraw Hill Co., 1974).

55
. Tec,
Resilience and Courage
, 189.

56
. Ibid., 190.

57
. Ibid., 191.

58
. See Gutman and Krakowski,
Unequal Victims
, 106. These authors mention that “serious armed resistance organizations were set up in the five major ghettos: in Warsaw, Wilno, Bialystok, Cracow and Czestochowa; as well as in forty five other ghettos.” While this book mentions many ghettos in which resistance took place, other sources increase the number of ghettos and concentration camps in which organized Jewish resistance happened.

59
. Glazar,
Trap with a Green Fence
, 100–101.

60
. Ibid., 147.

61
. Ibid., 148.

62
. Richard Glazar, personal interview, and Glazar,
Trap with a Green Fence
.

63
. Thomas Toivi Blatt,
Ashes of Sobibor: A Story of Survival
(Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1999). See also Thomas Toivi Blatt,
Sobibor, the Forgotten Revolt
(Bern: H.E.P. Verlag, 1998); Jules Schelvis,
Sobibor: A History of a Nazi Death Camp
(London: Berg Publishers, 2007); and Richard Rashke,
Escape from Sobibor
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1982).

64
. Ibid., 235.

65
. Ibid., 236.

66
. Ibid., 235–242. Frenzel failed to throw any additional light on this initial statement, claiming to be fair in the performance of his concentration camp duties.

67
. The name Pieczorski appears with different spelling in various sources.

68
. Ajzensztajn,
Ruch Podziemny W Ghettach I Obozach
(Meterialy I Dokumenty), 187.

69
. Adam Rutkowski, “Resistance at the Death Camp of Sobibor,”
Bulletin of the Jewish Historical Commision
65-66 (1968): 42.

1
. Ringelblum,
Kronika
, 337–378.

2
. Thea Epstein, personal interview, Tel Aviv, 1995.

3
. Claire Sokolowski, personal interview, Paris, 1995.

4
. Ian Kershaw,
Hitler: A Biography
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2010).

5
. Adam Ronikier,
Pamietnik, 1939-1945, Memoirs
(Krakow: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2001), 40.

6
. Among those who talked to me about exposure to these warnings was Jan Karski,
Story of a Secret State
; Albin Kazimierz,
Warrant of Arrest
(Oswiecim: Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum, 2003), who had the same experence as practically all the other Polish officers who spoke to me about their homecomings.

7
. Dawidowicz,
A Holocaust Reader
, 67; Tec,
When Light Pierced the Darkness
, 52–69.

8
. For illustration of these circumstances, see the following few examples: Gutman,
The Jews of Warsaw
; Roland,
Courage under Siege
; Sierakowiak,
The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak
.

9
. Karski,
Story of a Secret State
, 281.

10
. Leah Silverstein gave me a Polish copy of this essay; it was also translated into Hebrew in its entirety, published in
Yalkut Moreshet
50 (1991). This is my free translation from the Polish.

11
. Leah Silverstein, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum Archive or Leah Silverstein, personal interview, see previous note.

12
. The story about obtaining a gun is based on the book by Leah Silverstein, written in Polish under her name, Leokadia Silverstein,
Tak Wlasnie Bylo
(This is how it was) (Warsaw: Jewish Historical Institute, 2002). Based on the chapter by the title of “Parabellum,” 83–104.

13
. Personal interview, Washington, D.C., 1996.

14
. Hela Schupper-Rufeisen,
Pozegnanie Milej 18
(Goodbye to Mila 18) (Krakow, 1996), 109–113.

15
. Ibid., 113.

16
. Kazik (Simha Rotem) describes and attempts with some successes and some failures to bring out members of ZOB through the sewers. See Appendix: Kazik,
Memoirs of a Warsaw Ghetto Fighter
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 155–169.

17
. Abraham Shulman,
The Case of Hotel Polski
(New York: Holocaust Library, 1982), 42.

18
. Ibid., 43.

19
. Ibid., 158.

20
. I interviewed Hela Schupper-Refeisen in Israel 1989.

21
. Yizhak Arad,
Ghetto in Flames: The Struggle and Destruction of the Jews in Vilna in the Holocaust
(New York: Holocaust Library, 1982), 456.

22
. Chaika Grossman,
The Underground Army: Fighters of the Bialystok Ghetto
(New York: Holocaust Library, 1987).

1
. Kershaw,
Hitler:1936 1946 Nemesis
, 245.

2
. Ibid., 241.

3
. Ibid., 247.

4
. Norman Davies,
God's Playground: A History of Poland,
Vol. 2,
1795 to the Present
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 452. For a more detailed description of the Katyn massacre, see J. K. Zawodny,
Death in the Forest: The Story of the Katyn Massacre
(New York: Hippocrene Books, 1962), 235.

5
. Karski,
Story of a Secret State
, 329.

6
. E. Thomas Wood and Stanislaw M. Jankowski,
Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994), 64.

7
. Ibid., 129.

8
. Ibid., 234.

9
. Ibid., 134.

10
. Ibid., 131.

11
. David Engel,
In the Shadow of Auschwitz: The Polish Government in Exile and The Jews, 1939 1942
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 203.

12
. Gutman and Krakowski,
Unequal Victims
, 154–155.

13
. Ibid., 160.

14
. Nechama Tec, personal communication, Israel Gutman, 2009.

15
. Ibid., 9–10.

16
. Ibid., 326.

17
. Ibid., 128–130.

18
. Ibid., 127.

19
. Ibid., 333.

20
. Ibid., 333.

21
. Ibid., 334.

22
. Jan Karski, personal communication, 1999.

23
. Ibid., 7–8.

24
. Ibid., 8.

25
. Ibid., 283.

26
. Ibid., 266.

27
. Ibid., 334.

28
. Ibid., 9.

29
. Jan Karski, personal communication, 1999.

30
. Jan Karski, personal communication, 1999.

31
. Ibid., 9.

32
. Ibid., 334.

33
. Tec,
A Glimmer of Light
.

1
. Tec,
Resilience and Courage
, 203–204.

2
. Ibid., 79–80.

3
. Ibid., 151–152.

4
. Ibid., 152–153.

5
. Szwajger,
I Remember Nothing More
.

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