Road of Bones (70 page)

Ito, Masanori 404

Jackson, Private Tom 347, 348, 354

Japan: ‘Absolute Defence Sphere’ 117

atomic bomb, U.S. attack with 418–19

China, war with 4, 5, 109, 110, 110n, 111, 150, 151, 152, 287, 318

coup attempt, 1936 109–10, 109

Hiroshima 418–19

military ethics and training 106, 107–8, 107n

Pacific war 110, 111, 147, 151, 290

post-war 418–24, 446

U.S. Occupation of 420–1

Japanese air force 5, 10–12, 14, 22–3, 91, 105, 121, 132, 133, 146, 147, 149, 325, 326

Japanese Army, Imperial xv–xvi

air support 5, 10–12, 14, 22–3, 91, 105, 121, 132, 133, 146, 147, 149, 326

artillery xvii, 125, 146, 164, 168, 193, 199, 201, 204, 214, 217, 218, 226, 235, 239, 243, 262, 286, 326, 338, 350, 352, 353, 370, 371, 376

battles
see under individual area, battle, campaign, operation or nation name;

Burma, invasion and occupation of 3, 10–13, 14, 15, 17–23

casualty numbers xvii, 126–7, 134, 136, 198, 200, 202–4, 209n, 215n, 250–1, 260, 278, 286, 291, 373, 398–9, 401, 401n, 402, 403–4, 406, 413

character of men xvii–xviii, 20–1, 22, 76, 85n, 130, 131, 134, 138, 149–53, 208, 277, 281, 287–8, 318, 326–7, 388

in China 4, 5, 109, 110, 110n, 111, 150, 151, 152, 287, 318

Chindwin, crossing of 120, 140, 163–5, 164n

coup attempt, 1936 109–10, 109

disease and illness in xvii, 14, 114, 155, 167, 291, 297, 388, 395, 396, 396n, 398, 399, 401, 420

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and 109

intelligence 3, 4, 9, 86–7, 111, 112–14, 146, 147, 156, 157, 158, 316, 325–6

Kempeitai
147–8, 151, 326, 421

locals peoples, treatment of 15, 18, 144, 145, 196, 233–5, 293

‘March on Delhi’ 116, 117

military ethics and training 106, 107–8, 107n

morale 147–8, 150–1, 258–9, 317, 319, 372, 396

Pacific war 110, 111, 147, 151, 290

Plan 21 112

plan to attack Indian frontier 111–20

power of army over government 108, 109–10, 109

prisoners, treatment of xvii–xviii, 20–1, 85n, 130, 131, 150, 208, 281

Russia, war with 4, 18, 109, 107, 109, 143, 422, 423

snipers 126, 135, 201, 206, 216, 229, 230, 251, 254, 255, 256, 262, 263, 268, 269, 298, 303, 306, 309, 310, 312, 319, 329, 334, 338, 344, 354, 355, 358, 379

suicide attacks 319, 333, 372

supply problems xvii, xviii, 112–13, 114, 115, 116, 117, 134, 140, 143, 146, 147–50, 151, 152, 154, 155, 157, 158, 162–3, 166–8, 198–9, 204, 209n, 215, 233–5, 238, 265, 288, 291, 292, 319–20, 326, 328, 337–8, 373, 376–7, 389, 390, 393, 394, 395, 396–8, 402, 404

terror inspired in enemies xvii–xviii, 20–1, 76, 150, 277

in Thailand 3, 4, 9–10, 12, 141, 147, 150, 152

withdrawal from Kohima 389–91, 396

withdrawal into Burma xviii, 384, 410–17

Japanese Army units:

15th Army xvii, 5, 30, 104, 110, 154, 289, 290, 319–20, 368, 371, 384, 390, 391, 393

battles
see under individual
battle name

casualties xvii, 126–7, 134, 136, 198, 200, 202–4, 209n, 215n, 250–1, 260, 278, 286, 291, 318–19, 373, 376, 398–9, 401, 401n, 402, 403–4, 406, 413

command, disunity in 104, 105–6, 110, 112–20, 140–6, 155, 155, 289–90, 394

headquarters 105–6, 113–14, 116, 117, 118, 288, 291, 391

plan to invade India 112–20, 140–1, 156, 168, 170, 291

preparation for march into India 140–1, 146–55

retreat into Burma 406, 407, 410, 411

retreat from Kohima to Chindwin 396–404, 406,
414

return home of soldiers after war 419–25

strength 5, 14, 150

supply problems xvii, xviii, 112–13, 114, 115, 116, 117, 134, 140, 143, 146, 147–50, 151, 152, 154, 155, 157, 158, 162–3, 166–8, 198–9, 204, 209n, 215, 233–5, 238, 265, 288, 291, 292, 319–20, 326, 328, 337–8, 373, 376–7, 389, 390, 393, 394, 395, 396–8, 402, 404

withdrawal from Kohima 389–91, 396

withdrawal into Burma xviii, 384, 410–17

15th Division 140–1, 150, 164n, 179, 199, 201, 205, 235, 339, 394, 404

18th Division 106

31st Division xvii, xviin, 140, 141, 144, 146, 148, 150, 153, 163, 201, 214, 217, 234, 238, 370, 394

Burma 144–5

casualties xvii, 126–7, 134, 136, 198, 200, 202–4, 209n, 215n, 250–1, 260, 278, 286, 291, 318–19, 373, 376, 398–9, 401, 401n, 402, 403–4, 406, 413

Chindwin to Kohima, march from 148, 166–8, 179, 189–90, 196, 199, 233

command
see
Sato, Lieutenant General Kotuku

crosses Chindwin into India xvii, 148, 162–5

cut Imphal road 116, 140, 235

Jessami 211, 212, 217–19

Kharasom 213–16, 396

Kohima, march to 148, 166–8, 189–90, 196, 199, 233

Kohima, retreat to Chindwin from 396–404, 406

Kohima, siege of 258–64, 289–90, 317–20, 326, 333–4, 374–7, 388–91

Kohima, withdrawal from 389–95, 396

local peoples, treatment of 196, 233–5

preparation for march into India 140–1, 146–55

Sangshak 195, 196–210

snipers 126, 135, 201, 206, 216, 229, 230, 251, 254, 255, 256, 262, 263, 268, 269, 298, 303, 306, 309, 310, 312, 319, 329, 334, 338, 344, 354, 355, 358, 379

supply problems 112–13, 114, 115, 116, 117, 134, 140, 143, 146, 147–50, 151, 152, 154, 155, 157, 158, 162–3, 166–8, 198–9, 204, 209n, 215, 233–5, 238, 265, 288, 291, 292, 319–20, 326, 328, 337–8, 373, 376–7, 389, 390, 393, 394, 395, 396–8, 402, 404

veterans 421, 422, 423, 424

withdrawal into Burma xviii, 384, 410–17

withdrawal from Kohima 389–91, 396

33rd Division 21, 140, 141, 146, 164n, 179, 235, 289, 339, 368, 392, 394, 404

55th Division 120

58th Regiment 146, 149, 151, 155, 162, 164, 166, 167, 196–210, 215, 234–5, 236, 258–64, 265, 288–90, 318, 320, 326, 374, 375, 374–7, 389, 391, 424, 459

2nd battalion 201, 205, 209, 259

3rd battalion 196–8, 200, 204, 205, 258, 374

75th Regiment 142–3

124th Regiment 146, 153, 288, 372, 376, 398

138th Regiment 144, 146, 151, 152, 214–16, 287, 319, 372, 390, 396, 402, 403, 419

Burma Area Army 117, 154, 290, 389, 391

Southern Area Army 116, 117, 119, 147, 393

Jenner, Private Wally 61–2

Jericho, Operation 124–9, 256

Jessami village 146, 183, 189, 193, 211n, 212, 214, 226, 334, 339, 364

1st battalion, Assam Regiment in 161, 183, 189, 193, 211–13, 217–19, 226, 356

black magic, reputation for 161–2

command of 161

defences 211

defensive position established at 161–2

evacuation of 217–19

garrison strength 211, 212, 212n, 213

Japanese attack 211, 212, 217–19

‘last man, last round’ order, Richards cancels and orders evacuation of 211–13, 212n, 217–18

161 Indian Brigade sent to aide evacuation of 212

water supply 212

Johnson, Dick 249

Jotsoma 285, 286, 294, 304, 308, 311, 314, 330, 336, 338, 345, 350

jungle warfare 75–6, 83–4, 93–5, 103, 122, 124, 126–7, 134–5, 156, 165, 276–7, 314

Kabaw Valley 25, 141

Kameyama, Lieutenant Shosaku Mazakazu 115, 167, 198–9, 200, 202, 208, 210, 250–1, 258–9, 261, 262, 263, 264, 286, 320

Karen 15

Kawabe, Lieutenant General Mazakazu 115, 117, 290, 291, 292, 339, 389, 391–2, 393, 395, 405, 423

Kay, Robert 70

Keast, Diana 101

Keene, Buster 340

Kempeitai
147–8, 151, 326

Kharasom village 116, 364

1st battalion, Assam Regiment in 161, 183, 189, 193, 213–17, 356

Assam Rifles in 214

attempts to relieve 212–13, 216

defences 215

defensive position established at 161, 214

evacuation of 216–17

garrison strength 212–13, 214, 215

‘last man, last round’ order, Richard’s fails to communicate rescinding of to 212–13, 212n, 214

161 Brigade sent to aide evacuation of 212, 213, 216

retreating Japanese army in 396

supply problems 215

V Force in 214

Khasi tribesman 218

Khiamniungan, Sepoy Mukom xviii

Khonoma 37, 39, 40, 234, 235, 440n

King, Sergeant Victor 348, 350

Kobayashi, Lieutenant Naoji 236

Kohima xvii

ADS (advanced dressing station) 248, 255–8, 264, 266–8, 271, 297–302, 304, 305, 308, 311, 331, 332, 333, 335, 343, 345, 350, 351, 352

air war over 279–80, 288, 290, 304, 317, 320–5, 332, 337–8, 339, 340–1, 337–8

Aradura Spur 32–3, 220, 227, 234, 239, 371, 384, 393

attrition, becomes battle of 357–69

Black Thirteenth 301–5

British first take control of 39

bungalow, district commissioner’s 32, 33, 34, 44, 226–7, 239, 243, 251, 302, 305–12, 336, 346, 358, 380, 382, 383, 384, 439

casualty numbers 260, 278, 286, 291, 298–302, 311, 333, 343, 350, 355, 373, 374, 380, 381

command of garrison 170–5, 180–5, 224–5, 244–7, 251, 252–3, 433–7
see also
under individual commander name

command posts 221, 226, 227, 229, 239, 247, 303, 336, 348, 353

communications 183–4, 242, 251, 252, 284, 339, 365, 368

confusion of battle and rapid changing of positions 265–6

criticism of garrison officers 244–7, 433–7

defences 188–9, 220, 221, 225, 226, 244

defensive positions
see
Jessami, Kharasom, Phek, Sangshak
and
Zubza villages

Detail Hill 226, 247, 249n, 251, 252, 258–64, 265–6, 267, 268–71, 273, 274, 286, 297, 299, 305, 311, 333, 336, 340, 343, 347, 357, 374, 378, 432

effect of battle upon post-war world 427–8

evacuation of wounded 219, 252–3, 255, 266–8, 311–12, 345, 350–2, 353

first Japanese attacks upon 236–9, 242–4

first Allied encounters with Japanese 227–31

first siege of, 1879 39–40

fleeing/deserting soldiers 229, 230, 237, 239, 242, 244, 247, 250, 251–2, 254, 267, 272, 353, 360–1

Garrison Hill (formerly Summerhouse Hill) 32, 226, 239, 242, 244, 247, 251,266–7, 271, 305, 317, 325, 329, 331, 333, 336, 338, 340, 343, 344, 346, 348,
349
, 352–3, 354, 356, 366–7, 372–4, 377, 380, 407, 439

garrison strength xvii, xviin, 169, 182, 212, 221–4, 231, 265

GPT Ridge 226, 229, 231, 250–1, 254, 259, 260, 286, 305, 311, 336, 374, 377, 378, 379–80, 381, 384

hand-to-hand fighting xvii, xx, 288–9, 306, 310–11, 333–4, 368, 373

‘hold to the last’ order 185;

hospital buildings 219, 226, 267, 340, 343, 352
see also
ADS

Imphal road 29, 33, 80, 80n, 221, 226, 235, 282, 288, 365, 366, 384, 394, 455

Jail Hill 225, 226, 231, 239, 249–50, 257, 258, 259, 260, 286, 299–300, 302, 305, 311, 320, 336, 374, 376, 377, 381, 382, 384, 439

Japanese arrival at 227–31

Japanese first attack 236–9, 242–4

Japanese siege of 258–64, 289–90, 317–20, 326, 333–4, 374–7, 388–91

Japanese withdrawal from 389–91, 396

Kohima Ridge 185–6, 220, 223, 226, 227, 239, 279, 291, 305, 317, 326, 327, 339, 340, 360, 369, 372, 377, 380, 381, 384, 386, 390–1

Kuki Piquet 226, 230, 247, 336, 344–5, 346–8, 350, 353, 354, 373, 374, 378, 381

line of communication troops within 183, 220, 222, 245

medical arrangements within 248, 255–8, 264, 266–8, 271, 297–302, 304, 305, 308, 311, 331, 332, 333, 335, 343, 345, 350, 351, 352

moral collapse within garrison 244–6, 245n

morale 242, 244–6, 245n, 248, 257, 304–5, 312, 330, 336, 384

Mount Pulebadze 33, 220, 234, 379

Naga Village 33, 227, 231, 236–9, 272, 293–4, 374, 378, 380–1, 389, 402

natural defences 29, 30, 31;

Nepalese troops in 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 236, 237, 239, 244, 251–2, 272, 288, 305, 353

non-combatants in 183, 220–1, 241–2, 245, 267, 303, 305, 336, 348

1/1 Punjabs push into 350–1, 353

161 Brigade leave 221–5