Saving Italy: The Race to Rescue a Nation's Treasures from the Nazis (57 page)

Renaissance, 28, 29, 72, 75, 106, 150, 153–54, 175, 181, 196, 199, 201, 283

Renoir, Pierre Auguste, 72

Rescuing Da Vinci
(Edsel), xiv

Reynolds, Paul Baillie, 61, 62, 104

Ringler, Josef, 194–95, 212–13, 244, 245, 249–50, 257, 290

Roberts, Owen J., 39

Roberts Commission, 39–41, 43, 45, 50, 54, 65, 328

Robertson, Brian, 315

Rockwell, Norman, 24

Roman Catholic Church, 5, 18–19, 48, 88, 89, 119, 157, 328

Rome, 5, 13, 18, 22, 23, 47,
52,
74, 77, 81–82, 84, 89–90, 96, 103, 110, 125, 141, 209, 211, 296–97, 313

Allied bombing and capture of, 12–15,
15,
26, 32, 33, 40, 104, 136–39, 155–56, 177, 207, 229

American Academy in, xxii, 25, 41, 55, 128, 138, 329, 330

Arch of Constantine in, 137

Borghese Gallery in, 114, 135, 138

bridges of, 135

British School at, 295, 330

Castel Sant’Angelo in, 89

Colosseum in, 5, 13, 33, 74

German Embassy in, 78

German evacuation of, 119, 135, 160

German invasion and occupation of, 47–48, 138

Hertziana Library in, 77, 286, 325

Janiculum Hill in, 138

Palazzo Venezia in, 90, 139

Pantheon in, 33

protection of art of, 114–16, 137–40

Quirinal Palace in, 264

St. Lawrence Outside the Walls Basilica (San Lorenzo) in, 12–15, 33, 40, 137

St. Paul Outside the Walls Monastery in, 85

St. Peter’s Basilica in, 5, 33, 100

St. Peter’s Square in, 17, 48

San Luigi dei Francesi Church in, 114, 138

San Pietro in Vincoli Church in, 137

Santa Maria del Popolo Church in, 138

Sant’Anselmo Monastery in, 85

Seven Pilgrim Churches of, 13

Trajan’s Column in, 137

U.S. Embassy in, 22

Verano Cemetery in, 13

Villa Borghese in, 74, 138

Rommel, Erwin, 81
n

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, xxi, 14, 22, 33, 41, 45, 79, 100, 121, 179, 207, 238

death of, 258–59

Stalin and, 262

Roosevelt, Theodore, vii

Rosenberg, Alfred, 71, 232, 315

“Rosie the Riveter” (Rockwell), 24

Rossi, Filippo, 173, 288–90, 292, 298, 300, 302–3, 331

Rotari, Pietro,
349

Rothschild family, 72, 73, 198, 308

Rotondi, Pasquale, 113–15, 138, 147

Rotterdam, 34

Röttiger, Hans, 271–76, 278

Royal Air Force, 1–2, 33–34, 36–39, 259

Bomber Command of, 33, 37

Desert Air Force of, 104

Lancasters of, 1–2

Special Air Mission of, 61

Wellingtons of, 33

Rubens, Peter Paul, 73, 77, 114, 116, 147, 168, 199, 289,
348

Rucellair Madonna
(Duccio), 168

Ruggenini, Franco, 195–96, 288, 334

Rundstedt, Gerd von, 243

Rupprecht, Leopold, 212–13

Ruth, Babe, 28

Ryan, Ted, 287–88, 406

Sabratha, xxii, 136

Sachs, Paul, 40, 43, 44, 45, 54–55, 60, 62

Saint George
(Donatello), 147, 196, 290

St. Moritz, xiv, 257, 312

Salerno, 47, 115, 209

Salò, 48, 311

Salvator Mundi
(Leonardo), 331
n

San Gimignano, 5, 104

San Marino, 156

Santa Maria delle Grazie Church, 1–4, 283–85

Cloister of the Dead at, 3

damage to, 2
n,
3–4, 111, 283–85

Refectory of, 2, 3–4, 111, 283–85, 296–97, 323–24

Sardinia, Decimomannu Airdrome in, 105

Sassocorvaro Fortress, 113–14, 115

Saturday Evening Post,
24

Scamporino, Vincent, 208

Scarpitta, Salvatore, xiv–xv, 94–95

Schlegel, Julius, 83–85, 87, 90

School of Athens
(Raphael), 37

School of Bronzino, 325

School of van Dyck, 325

Schubert, Franz, 133

Schulz, General, 275–79

Schweinitz, Viktor von, 263, 269–71, 273–75, 278

Scrovegni, Enrico, 110

Secret Surrender, The
(Dulles), 318–19

Self Portrait
(Ingres), 199

Self Portrait
(Raphael), 199

Senger und Etterlin, Fridolin von, 209

Serlupi Crescenzi, Marchese Filippo, 156, 157, 192, 193, 207–10, 247–48, 327, 328

Seymour, Charles, 305–6

Seymour, Roy, 108

Shinnie, Peter, 104

Sicily, xxi, xxii, 13, 18, 66, 68, 93, 96, 266, 330, 331, 339

Allied invasion and occupation of, xx, 5, 9, 11, 14, 17, 26, 31, 39, 41, 44, 46, 54, 59–61, 115, 119, 165, 221, 339

art treasures of, 44–46, 50, 64

map of, 8

Siena, 104, 124, 140, 142–44, 155, 156, 185, 186, 190, 321

Signorelli, Luca, 114, 289

Sitwell, Osbert, 166

Siviero, Rodolfo, 324, 325

Sizer, Theodore “Tubby,” xxii, 26–27, 54–56, 59–62, 64, 96, 104, 214, 329

Skorzeny, Otto, 48

Slaves
(Michelangelo), 146, 186, 299

Sleeping Cupid
(Caravaggio), 75, 145

Smith, Walter Bedell, 67

Smokey (U.S. soldier), 223–24

Smyth, Craig Hugh, 138
n

Soviet Union, 20, 219, 270

German losses to, 233, 259, 278

German offensive against, 10, 17, 24, 226

Red Army of, 24, 39, 226, 235, 236, 255, 259, 263, 279

U.S. relations with, 316

Western Alliance of, 233–35, 238, 259, 261–63

Spanish Civil War, 10, 42

Speer, Albert, 71, 258–59

Spitzweg, Carl, 72

Spoleto, 86–87, 139

Squarcione, Francesco, 109

SS (
Schutzstaffel
), xix, xx, 5, 19–20, 48–49, 88, 89, 115, 119–20, 158, 168, 198, 229, 234–38, 242–44, 245, 252, 257, 260, 275, 278, 287
n,
292, 314

Ancestral Heritage Research Unit (
Ahnenerbe
) of, 20, 117

armed-combat division (Waffen-SS) of, 19, 71, 172, 245

intelligence agency (
Sicherheitsdienst;
SD) of, 234

16th Panzer Division of, 198

Stalin, Joseph, 262–63

Stalingrad, Battle of, 10, 24

Stars and Stripes,
225

State Department, U.S., 39, 241

Stauffenberg, Claus Schenk Graf von, 159, 242, 275, 287
n

Steinhäuslin, Carlo Alessandro, 156–59, 161

Stone, Harlan F., 40

Stout, George, 42–43, 45, 302

Styron, William, 25

Sullivan & Cromwell, 241

Superintendence of Cultural Heritage (Italy), 76
n

Swiss Guard, 48

Swiss Military Intelligence, 237, 319

Switzerland, xiv, xx, 174–75, 219, 229, 234, 238, 239, 243, 245, 246, 254, 257, 261, 263, 269, 312, 316, 331

Syracuse, 5, 44, 60

Taft, Robert A., 337

Taft School, 24

Tardini, Domenico, 13
n,
210

Taylor, Francis Henry, 39–40, 41, 74, 328

Taylor, Myron, 22, 179

Tedder, Arthur, 61

Tempest, The
(Giorgione), 114–15

Terracina:

Civic Museum of, 131

Temple of Jove Uxor in, 131

Thomas Aquinas, 63, 132, 186

Three Theological Virtues
(Rubens),
348

Tiber River, 89, 135

Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista, 138, 283, 301

Tieschowitz, Bernhard von, 78, 87, 89

Time,
10

Tintoretto, 73, 138

Titian, 73, 76, 84, 114, 138, 140, 199, 289, 321

Tito, 278

Tittmann, Harold, 22

Tizi Ouzou, xxi, 53–57, 61, 65, 93

Torcello, 104

Toscanini, Arturo, 323

Treblinka, 21

Treviso, 10

Traini, Francesco, 205

Tribuna Illustrata
(Italy),
15

Trinity
(Masaccio), 106–8

Triumph of Death, The
(Camposanto fresco), 181

Truman, Harry, 262–63, 318, 410

Truscott, Lucian, 301

Turin, 198, 238, 300

Allied bombing of, 32, 33, 35, 38

Tuscany, xiii–xiv, xix, 114, 190, 339

evacuation of art treasures to, xx, 141–52, 157, 165, 232, 326

Tuttle, Emerson, 55

Twombly, Cy, 336

typhus epidemics, 95

Tyrrhenian Sea, 178, 183

Uccello, Paolo, 167

United Nations, 40, 121

United States, 17, 34, 207, 208, 316

Foreign Service of, 241

Italy’s declaration of war on, 22

“Victory Gardens” in, 24

war effort and employment in, 24

Upper Austrian Hitler Youth, 117

Urbino, 5, 113

Villa Tortorina at, 114–15

Usmiani, Antonio, 238–39, 242

Valentine, Edward, 142

Valmontone, 132

Van Buren, Albert, 138

Van Dyck, Anthony, 139–40, 325

Van Gogh, Vincent, 72

Van Huysum, Jan, 300, 325,
349

Vasari, Giorgio, 75, 107, 118, 181
n

Vase of Flowers
(Van Huysum),
349

Vatican, 12–15, 40, 49–50, 120, 136, 158, 178–79, 206–9, 210–11, 229

archives and art treasures of, 49, 78, 138–39

Hitler’s threats against, 18–19, 21–22, 87, 89

Loggia di Raffaello in, 13

neutrality of, 48, 115

Papal Palace in, 22

Pontifical Library of, 208

relationship of Monuments Men and, 139

sanctuary of diplomats in, 22

Sistine Chapel in, 7, 110

Stanza della Segnatura at, 37

storage of Italian art in, 89–90, 113, 115, 138–40, 141, 147, 296, 324

treaty between Nazis and, 18

Vaughan Thomas, Wynford, 165–68, 172–73

Velasquez, Diego, 199

Veneziani, Padre, 174

Venice, 5, 10, 104, 108, 110, 114, 247, 256, 281, 285–86, 287

Academia in, 138

Doge’s Palace in, 256, 312

Hotel Danieli in, 22, 285

Lido in, 22

St. Mark’s Basilica in, 114

Venus de Milo,
52

Venus of Urbino
(Titian), 76

Verdun, Battle of, 97

Vermeer, Jan, 72, 116, 309

Verona, 104, 169, 171, 238, 281, 286
n

Veronese, Paolo, 138

Verrocchio, 147

Versailles Treaty, 70

Vienna, 83, 241

Academy of Fine Arts in, 71

Kunsthistorisches Museum in, 212

Soviet capture of, 259

Vietinghoff-Scheel, Baron Heinrich von, 246, 251, 253, 259, 261–62, 263, 269–75, 278–79, 287–88, 291–92

View of the Grand Canal in Venice
(Bellotto),
348

Villa delle Fontanelle, 193, 209, 247

Villa di Torre a Cona, 147

Villa Gaggia, 10

Villa Savoia, 16

Visitation
(Pontormo), 169

Vistula River, 219, 233

Vittorio Emanuele III, King of Italy, 16–17, 18, 21, 47, 292

Volturno campaign, 221

Waibel, Max, 237, 239, 263–65, 288, 319

Walker, Hamilton T., 202

Walker, John, 41

war crimes, 282, 314–18

War Department, U.S., 43

Ward-Perkins, John Bryan, xxii, 124, 136, 202, 266, 282, 292, 295, 324, 329–30

Ward-Perkins, Margaret Long, 136

Warren, Robert Penn, 25

Warsaw, 34

Washington, D.C., xiv, 24, 43, 59, 62, 235, 319, 331

Capitol in, 337

Washington University, 333, 334

Waugh, Sidney, 138
n

Weizsäcker, Ernst von, 158

Wenner, Major, 263, 269–70, 273–75, 316

Wentzell, Fritz, 275–76

Wheeler, Mortimer, 136

White House, East Room of, xiv

William Rockhill Nelson Gallery, xxi, 62

Wilson, H. Maitland, 7

Wilson, Woodrow, 24

Winant, John, 34

Wittgens, Fernanda, 296, 323

Wolf, Gerhard, 149, 156–60, 163, 192–93, 198, 230, 322

Wolff, Karl Friedrich Otto, xix, 19–21, 81
n,
249–54, 269–79, 291–93, 313, 315

arrest and trial of, 292–93, 314, 316, 317

death of, 317

and ending war in Italy, 312–14

Himmler and, 251–54, 259–61, 263, 310, 312, 314, 317

Italian transfer and leadership of, xix, 48–49, 87–89, 117, 119–21, 151, 170–72, 194, 198, 210, 212, 219, 229–39

negotiations of Dulles and, 242–46, 249, 251–54, 259–65, 287–88, 313, 315–16, 318–19

and protection of Italian art, 310–12

Wolff-Metternich, Franz Graf von, 71, 77

Wolfsschanze, 17, 73, 159

Women’s Army Corps (WAC), 60

Woolley, Leonard, 55–57, 65–66, 67, 117

Worcester Art Museum, xxi, 137, 331

World War I, xxi, xxii, 1, 10, 20, 42, 54, 62, 69–70, 88, 97, 117, 145, 136, 241

Western Front of, 19

World War II, xiii–xiv, 146, 318

cultural objects still missing from, 325–26, 347–49

D-day invasion of, 209, 233

Eastern Front in, 17, 39, 73, 219, 272, 316
n

Mediterranean theater of, xiv, xxi, 1–6, 9–17, 23, 31–40, 103–11

1943 armistice in, 114, 172, 192

North Africa campaign in, 136, 165

Southern front in, 235

surrender negotiations in, 246, 253–54, 269–79

U.S. entry in, 34

Western Front in, 243, 272

see also specific military units and battles

Yale University, xix, 23–25, 26, 27, 54, 57, 94, 220–21, 305–6, 336–37

Art Gallery of, xix, xxii, 26, 29, 54, 55, 329

Design Department of, 336

Education for War and Reconstruction program of, 23

School of Fine Arts of, 23–24, 25–26, 54, 336

Wright Hall in, 26

Yugoslavia, 236

Zampetti, Pietro, 266

Zimmer, Guido, 239, 316

Zobel, Captain, 195

Zoli, Gian Carlo, 334

Zuckerman, Solomon “Solly,” 61, 62, 104

Zurich, 229, 237, 239, 242, 252

Picture Section

These spliced photos, taken from the rooftop of Santa Maria delle Grazie Church in Milan, are the earliest known images taken after the August 15/16, 1945, raid that nearly destroyed Leonardo da Vinci’s the Last Supper. The bomb landed in the Cloister courtyard (indicated by the rectangle), destroying the covered arcade and causing massive damage to the surrounding buildings. The obliteration of the east wall of the Refectory (denoted with a straight line) caused the roof to collapse. [Civico Archivio Fotografico, Milano]

This photograph of the Refectory interior, taken sometime between 1875 and 1910, shows what the Allied bomb destroyed. Gone is the frescoed vault above the three lunettes on the north wall, lost when the roof collapsed. All of the ornamental scrollwork along the east wall disintegrated. The windows above do not exist today. [Alinari]

While Padre Acerbi’s Dominican workers helped clear debris, engineers constructed a platform (atop the X brace) to build a small terra-cotta protective roof that would shield the painting from rain. A canvas tarp (barely visible at upper left) provided an interim solution. [Olycom]

Yale Associate Professor of Drawing and Painting Deane Keller and his son “Dino,” in 1942. [William Keller Collection]

Monuments officer Captain Mason Hammond conducted classes on Italy while still in North Africa, prior to the Sicily landings. [Elizabeth Hammond Llewellyn Collection]

This open-air cafe in Tizi Ouzou, Algeria, catered to the tribesmen of Kabyle, in the country’s north. The Monuments officers, and others serving in Allied Military Government, began their training in buildings such as these in 1943 before their transfer to the Italian front. [Pennoyer Papers, Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University]

SS leader Heinrich Himmler presents a painting to Adolf Hitler on his fiftieth birthday, April 20, 1939. In attendance was Himmler’s Chief of Staff, Karl Wolff (far right). [The Granger Collection, New York/ullstein bild]

Deane Keller found this undated photograph of Wolff and his second wife, Inge, among the general’s papers at his office in Bolzano sometime around May 14, 1945. [Deane Keller Papers, Manuscripts & Archives, Yale University]

A very young Giovanni Poggi (right), at the time Director of the Uffizi Gallery, takes a last glance at the
Mona Lisa
in December 1913, shortly before returning it to Paris. Poggi played a key role in recovering the painting from the man who stole it from the Louvre in 1911. [Roger-Viollet, Paris]

Hitler visited Florence on May 9, 1938, and spent almost two hours studying works of art in the Pitti Palace, Vasari Corridor, and Uffizi Gallery. Others shown are Dr. Joseph Goebbels (short man behind Hitler); Professor Friedrich Kriegbaum; Benito Mussolini; and Superintendent Giovanni Poggi (hat in hand). [Arianna and Elisa Magrini and Edizioni Polistampa, Firenze]

The saw-toothed ruins of the Abbey of Monte Cassino. Monuments officer Captain Roger Ellis (in the lead) and Major Ernest DeWald are accompanied by Captain Turner, of the British File Unit, for the two-mile ascent up the narrow path cleared of mines by Polish engineers. This photograph was taken on May 27, 1944, just nine days after the battle ended. [National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD]