Sex and the Founding Fathers: The American Quest for a Relatable Past (Sexuality Studies) (39 page)

41. Parton, Life of Thomas Jefferson, 534.

42. Ibid., 539, 534.

43. Shea, Alexander Hamilton, 406, 405-407.

44. John T.Morse, The Life of Alexander Hamilton, 2 vols. (Boston: Little Brown,
1882), 2:336-338.

45. Lodge, Alexander Hamilton, 276.

46. On folly, see Miller, Alexander Hamilton and the Growth of the New Nation, 463.

47. Smertenko, Alexander Hamilton, 231.

48. Bailey, An American Colossus, 213.

49. Charles Callan Tansill, The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers: The Romantic Side
of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Gouverneur Morris, Alexander
Hamilton (New York: Devin-Adair, 1964), 179-182, 186.

50. Broadus Mitchell, Heritage from Hamilton (New York: Columbia University Press,
1957), 39.

51. Smertenko, Alexander Hamilton, 233.

52. Tansill, The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers, 204-205.

53. Hamilton, Intimate Life, 116-117.

54. Bailey, An American Colossus, 272-273.

55. Richard B.Morris, ed., The Basic Ideas of Alexander Hamilton (New York: Washington Square Press, 1956), 427.

56. Tansill, The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers, 210.

57. Gertrude Franklin Horn Atherton, The Conqueror: Being the True and Romantic
Story ofAlexander Hamilton (Toronto, Canada: Morang, 1902), 371-372.

58. Hamilton, Intimate Life, 60.

59. Eugene E.Prussing, George Washington in Love and Otherwise (Chicago: Pascal
Covici, 1925), 173-177.

60. Bailey, An American Colossus, 272.

61. Tansill, The Secret Loves of the Founding Fathers, 197-198, 209.

62. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley
(New York: Vintage Books, 1990), 58-61.

63. Frederick Scott Oliver, Alexander Hamilton, an Essay on American Union (New
York: G.P.Putnam's Sons, 1907), 389.

64. Ford, Alexander Hamilton, 310.

65. Ibid., 312-313. For another early-twentieth-century biography that lauds Hamilton's "moral courage" and points to his having "vindicated his official honor" by confessing
to the affair, see Claude Gernade Bowers, Jefferson and Hamilton: The Struggle for Democracy in America (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1925), 34, 190.

66. Nathan Schachner, Alexander Hamilton, Nation Builder (New York: McGrawHill, 1952), 174.

67. Morse, The Basic Ideas ofAlexander Hamilton, 427.

68. Ibid., 426. See also Richard B.Morse, ed., Alexander Hamilton and the Founding
of the Nation (New York: Dial Press, 1957), which is a longer version and contains all the
same editor's explanations.

69. Alexander Hamilton (2007).

70. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 367. Mrs. Hamilton's devotion and the story of
her not letting Monroe sit down when he came to visit her years later is the final passage of
Randall's 2003 account. Randall, Alexander Hamilton, 424.

71. Alexander Hamilton (2007).

72. Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 363, 203.

73. Joseph A.Murray, Alexander Hamilton: America's Forgotten Founder (New York:
Algora, 2007), preface.

74. Alexander Hamilton (2007).

75. Ibid.

76. Murray, Alexander Hamilton, preface.

77. Richard Brookhiser, Alexander Hamilton: American (New York: Free Press, 1999),
99.

78. Murray, Alexander Hamilton, preface.

79. Alexander Hamilton (2007).

80. Murray, Alexander Hamilton, preface.

81. Ibid.

82. Thomas Fleming, The Intimate Lives of the Founding Fathers (Washington, DC:
Smithsonian Books, 2009), 229.

83. Randall, Alexander Hamilton, 409. Notably, given Randall's depiction of Hamilton's affair as the product of his ego, he does not need to fall back on the portrayal of
Hamilton as purely devoted to his wife (save for one "lapse"), and thus he writes freely of
other "loves," including one Kitty Livingston from his youth and a nearly lifelong affair
with his sister-in-law, Angelica Church.

84. Godbeer, The Overflowing of Friendship, 127; see chap. 4.

85. Sumner, Alexander Hamilton, 252, 105.

86. Hamilton, Intimate Life, 242.

87. Miller, Alexander Hamilton and the Growth of the New Nation, 22.

88. Jonathan Katz, Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. (New
York: Crowell, 1976), 452-456.

89. Linda Rapp, "Alexander Hamilton," available at www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/
hamilton_a,3.html December 20, 2007; Hamilton, Intimate Life, 245, 241-242. See Caleb
Crain, "Leander, Lorenzo, and Castalio: An Early American Romance," in Long before
Stonewall: Histories of Same-Sex Sexuality in Early America, ed. Thomas A.Foster (New
York: New York University Press, 2007), 229. On same-sex romantic friendships in early
America, see also Godbeer, The Overflowing ofFriendsbip.

90. Available at www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2009-04-24/my-apology-
to-yale/full/.

91. William Benemann, Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic
Friendships (New York: Harrington Park Press, 2006), 100.

92. Fleming, Intimate Lives, 219.

93. Hamilton, The Reynolds Pamphlet.

CHAPTER 6

1. Papers of Gouverneur Morris, original diary entry for October 11, 1789, Manuscript
Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (hereafter Diary, LOC).

2. Theodore Roosevelt, Gouverneur Morris (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1899), 364.

3. William Howard Adams, Gouverneur Morris: An Independent Life (New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press, 2003), xvi.

4. Max M.Mintz, Gouverneur Morris and the American Revolution (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1970); Roosevelt, Gouverneur Morris; Jared Sparks, The life of
Gouverneur Morris: with selections from his correspondence and miscellaneous papers; detailing events in the American Revolution, the French Revolution, and in the political history of the
United States, 3 vols. (Boston: Gray and Bowen, 1832); Howard Swiggett, The Extraordinary Mr. Morris (New York: Doubleday, 1952).

Morris's granddaughter and great-granddaughter published selected letters and edited
diaries. Gouverneur Morris, A Diary of the French Revolution, ed. Beatrix Cary Davenport,
2 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1939); Anne Cary Morris, ed., The Diary and Letters
of Gouverneur Morris, Minister of the United States to France; Member of the Constitutional
Convention, 2 vols. (New York: Scribner, 1888).

5. Adams, Gouverneur Morris; Richard Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary: Gouverneur Morris, the Rake Who Wrote the Constitution (New York: Free Press, 2003); James J.
Kirschke, Gouverneur Morris: Author, Statesman, and Man of the World (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2005); Melanie Miller, Envoy to the Terror: Gouverneur Morris and the
French Revolution (Dulles, VA: Potomac Books, 2006); and Melanie Miller, An Incautious
Man: The Life of Gouverneur Morris (Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2008).

6. Adams, Gouverneur Morris, xi.

7. Kirschke, Gouverneur Morris, 13.

8. See Alan Crawford, Un wise Passions-A True Story of a Remarkable Woman-and
the First Great Scandal of Eighteenth-Century America (New York: Simon a nd S chus ter,
2005). See also Christopher L. Doyle, "The Randolph Scandal in Early National
Virgiia,n 1792-1815: New Voices in the "Court of Honour," Journal of Southern History 69
(2003): 283-318.

9. For a recent example, see Gordon S.Wood, Revolutionary Characters: What Made
the Founders Different (New York: Penguin, 2006). For an overview of the controversy over
what some see as a renewed hagiography of the Founding Fathers, see David Waldstreicher,
"Founders Chic as Culture War," Radical History Review 84 (Fall 2002): 185-194.

10. Thomas A.Foster, Sex and the Eighteenth-Century Man: Massachusetts and the History of Sexuality in America (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006); Christopher Looby, "Republican Bachelorhood: Sex and Citizenship in the Early United States," Historical Reflections/
Reflexions Historiques 33 (Spring 2007): 89-100; Laura Mandell, "What's Sex Got to Do
with It? Marriage versus Circulation in the Pennsylvania Magazine, 1775-76," in Long
before Stonewall: Histories of Same-Sex Sexuality in Early America, ed. Thomas A.Foster
(New York: New York University Press, 2007), 331-356; Dana D.Nelson, National Manhood: Capitalist Citizenship and the Imagined Fraternity of White Men (Durham, NC: Duke
University Press, 1998); Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in American Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York: Basic Books, 1994);
Bryce Traister, "The Wandering Bachelor: Irving, Masculinity, and Authorship," American
Literature 74 (2002): 111-137; and Scott Slawinski, Validating Bachelorhood: Audience, Patriarchy and Charles Brockden Brown 's Editorship of the Monthly Magazine and American
Review (New York: Routledge, 2005). On disability and sexuality, see, for example, Robert
McRuer and Anna Mollow, eds., Sex and Disability (Durham, NC: Duke University Press,
2012).

On bachelors in American culture, see, for example, Howard P.Chudacoff, The Age of
the Bachelor: Creating an American Subculture (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
1999); Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (New York: Anchor, 1987).

11. Thomas A.Foster, "Reconsidering Libertines and Early Modern Heterosexuality:
Sex and American Founder Gouverneur Morris," Journal of the History of Sexuality 22, no.
1 (January 2013): 65-84.

12. Quoted in Brookhiser, Gentleman Revolutionary, 260.

13. Nancy Isenberg, Fallen Founder: The Life of Aaron Burr (New York: Penguin,
2008).

14. Mary E.Fissell, "Hairy Women and Naked Truths: Gender and the Politics of
Knowledge in Aristotle's Masterpiece," William and Mary Quarterly 60 (January 2003): 60.
See also Elaine Forman Crain, "`I Have Suffer'd Much Today': The Defining Force of Pain
in Early America," in Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on Personal Identity in Early America, ed. Ronald Hoffman, Mechal Sobel, and Fredrika J.Teute (Chapel Hill: University
of North Carolina Press, 1997), 370-403; Thomas A.Foster, "Recovering Washington's
Body-Double: Disability and Manliness in the Life and Legacy of a Founding Father,"
Disability Studies Quarterly 2, no. 1 (January 2012); and David Waldstreicher, "The Long
Arm of Benjamin Franklin," in Artificial Parts, Practical Lives: Modern Histories of Prostbetics, ed. Katherine Ott, David Serlin, and Stephen Mihm (New York: New York University
Press, 2002), 300-326; and Thomas A.Foster, "Recovering Washington's Body-Double:
Disability and Manliness in the Life and Legacy of a Founding Father," Disability Studies
Quarterly 2, no. 1 (January 2012).

15. Hal Gladfelder, "Plague Spots," in Turner and Stagg, Social Histories of Disability,
56.

16. David M.Turner and Kevin Stagg, eds., Social Histories ofDisability and Deformity
(London: Routledge, 2006), 4-8, 57.

17. Turner and Stagg, Social Histories, 57.

18. Kirschke, Gouverneur Morris, 119 ; italics original.

19. Mintz, Gouverneur Morris, 141.

20. Morris, A Diary of the French Revolution, 2:247.

21. Diary, LOC, March 19, 1791.

22. Morris, Diary and Letters, 1:165.

23. Paul Longmore, Wby I Burned My Book and Other Essays on Disability (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2003), 20. Disability scholars remind us, for example, that
places like Chicago in the twentieth century passed ordinances restricting the movement
of disabled individuals in public, most notably the poor and homeless.

24. See, for example, William L.Chew, III, "`Straight' Sam Meets `Lewd' Louis:
American Perceptions of French Sexuality, 1775-1815," in Revolutions and Watersheds:
Transatlantic Dialogues, 1775-1815, ed. W.M.Verhoeven and Beth Dolan Kautz (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999), 61-86.

25. Morris enjoyed a reputation for being a ladies' man even in his early twenties in
America. See, for example, Adams, Gouverneur Morris, 29. On late-eighteenth-century
urban centers, see, for example, Richard Godbeer, Sexual Revolution in Early America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001); and Clare A.Lyons, Sex among the Rabble:
An Intimate History of Gender and Power in the Age of Revolution, Philadelphia, 1730-1830
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press for the Omohundro Institute of Early
American History and Culture, 2006). See also Isenberg, Fallen Founder, 233-235.

26. Miller, Envoy to the Terror, xi.

27. Steven Kale, French Salons: High Society and Political Sociability from the Old
Regime to the Revolution of 1848 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004), 2;
Lynn Hunt, Politics, Culture, and Class in the French Revolution (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 2004). On connections between politics and sexuality, see, for example,
Lynn Hunt, ed., Eroticism and the Body Politic (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1991).

28. Kale, French Salons, 3.

29. Ibid., 7.

30. On women, salons, and the development of the public sphere in France, see, for
example, Roger Chartier, ed., The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution, trans. Lydia
G.Cochrane (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991); Robert Darnton, The Literary
Underground of the Old Regime (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982); Dena
Goodman, The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment (Ithaca,
NY: Cornell University Press, 1994); Jurgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of
the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Thomas Burger
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989); Joan B.Landes, Women and the Public Sphere in the
Age of the French Revolution (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1988); and Sarah Maza,
Private Lives and Public Affairs: The Causes Celebres of Prerevolutionary France (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1993).

31. Morris, A Diary of the French Revolution, 2:165.

32. The Papers of Gouverneur Morris, original diary entry for May 18, 1791, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC (hereafter Diary, LOC). All of this
is deleted by Davenport and only available to us from the original diaries.