Stalin and His Hangmen (90 page)

Andreevna, Maria,
209
–10

Andropov, Iuri,
442

Annenkov, Boris,
171
,
468

‘Antonov’ rebellion,
110
–11

Antonov-Ovseenko, Vladimir,
92
,
352

Anvelt, Jaan,
316

Aquinas, St Thomas,
271

Aragon, Louis,
222
–3

Armenia,
339

Arosev, Aleksandr,
477

art: Stalin’s views on,
224
,
252
; controlled,
281

Artuzov, Artur (
born
Frautschi),
xx
,
137
–9,
198
,
202
,
297

Aseev, Nikolai,
408

Association of Proletarian Writers,
211

Astrakhan,
79

Atarbekov, Georgi,
68
,
335
,
452
,
462

atom bomb,
382
,
384
,
389
,
409
,
416
–19,
437

Averbakh, Leonid,
200

Averbakh, Leopold,
202
,
207
,
211
–12,
277

Azerbaijan,
339

Babel, Isaak: Iagoda advises,
204
; Budionny demands shooting of,
211
; at Union of Writers’ congress,
217
; silence,
221
; has Feigenberg as mistress,
291
; investigated,
317
; shot,
321
,
354
; seduces Ezhov’s wife,
322
; and world congress of writers against fascism,
352
,
480
; and Koltsov trial,
353
;
Red Cavalry
,
164
,
211

Babulina-Ezhova, Evdokia,
287
,
329

Bachulis (camp commander),
130

Bacon, Francis,
124

Bagirov, Jafar,
335
,
339
,
451
,
478

Baku,
19
,
28
,
30
,
34
,
336
; twenty-six commissars killed,
85

Balitsky, Vsevolod,
xx
,
130
,
191
,
232
,
296

Balkar people,
393

Balmont, Konstantin,
112

Baltic states: peace treaty with USSR,
110
; USSR recovers under Nazi-Soviet pact,
361
; arrests and deportations in,
398
;
see also
Estonia; Latvia; Lithuania

Barbusse, Henri,
221
,
223
,
471

Barzani, Mustafa,
422

Bashilov, Ivan,
356

Bashkirs: revolt,
123
,
125
,
465

Bashtakov, Leonid,
346
,
365
–6,
388

Basmachi rebels,
70

Basseches, Nikolaus,
175
,
213

Batitsky, General Pavel,
450
,
453

Batumi,
19
,
25
–6

Baudelaire, Charles,
19

Bazhanov, Boris,
268
,
384
,
467

Bedia, Eduard,
339

Bedny, Demian: friendship and correspondence with Stalin,
43
–4,
88
–90,
131
,
460
,
467
; helps cremate Fanny Kaplan,
79
; attacks Trotsky as Jew,
131
; poetry,
207
,
227
; Stalin breaks with,
208
; character,
217
; and Prezent,
249
; investigated,
317
; death,
318
;
Get
off the stove!
,
208
;
Mythical Heroes
,
318

Beilis, Mendel,
371

Bekhterev, Dr Vladimir,
158

Belenky, Abram,
91
,
388
,
464

Beloborodov, Aleksandr,
463

Belomorkanal camp,
xx

Belorussia: population decline,
81
; and settlement of eastern Poland,
361
; post-war killings in,
398
; Beria relaxes regime in,
446

Belov, Ivan,
314
–15

Bely, Andrei,
112

Beneš, Eduard,
401

Berdiaev, Nikolai,
114
,
117
–18

Berg, I.D.,
304

Berggolts, Olga,
377

Beria, Gerasime,
452
,
478

Beria, Lavrenti: Stalin appoints,
xvii
; change in methods (1953),
xxiii
; protects Stalin’s mother,
7
; Georgian background,
15
; has Devdariani shot,
49
; and Stalin’s need for protection from assassination,
235
; mocks Iagoda,
275
; and Ezhov,
292
; holiday in Sukhum,
293
; relations with Lakoba,
294
; suspected of being Azeri double agent,
294
,
348
; and Lakoba’s death,
295
; eliminates Evdokimov and associates,
296
; purges NKVD,
297
–8; forms Novosibirsk NKVD,
300
; killings,
311
,
389
; executes army officers,
315
; appointed to NKVD,
325
–6,
333
,
344
–5; and Ezhov’s interrogation and trial,
327
–9; background, character and qualities,
333
–41; role in Great Terror,
339
,
344
–5,
347
–8,
354
,
377
,
395
,
457
; sexual depravity,
344
,
447
,
452
–3; recruits into NKVD,
345
–7; reforms NKVD,
345
–9; relations with Stalin,
345
,
380
; moderates attacks on armed forces,
349
; killings without trial,
350
; reduces executions,
350
; arranges show trials,
351
; relaxes then resumes terror,
355
; campaign against scientists,
357
–8; ethnic victims,
359
,
362
,
391
–5; political decision-making,
359
; and Katyn massacres,
363
–5,
367
,
371
–2,
402
; forms anti-German Polish brigades,
368
–9; and fate of Polish officers,
369
; and killing of Trotsky,
372
,
374
; as general commissar of state security,
374
; in war against Germany,
377
,
388
–90,
414
; powers divided with Merkulov,
379
; destroys Red Army intelligence,
381
; atom bomb project,
384
,
389
,
416
–19,
437
; and effect of war on Soviet society,
387
; and German invasion threat,
387
–8; and Volga Germans,
390
; and German prisoner deaths,
396
; post-war resistance to,
398
,
409
; in post-war Poland,
399
–400; installs regimes in conquered territories,
402
; and Molotov’s fall from favour,
415
; hostility to Abakumov,
416
–17; reports on Zhukov,
421
; supervizes colleagues in Stalin’s absence,
421
; status,
431
; signs arrest warrant for Abakumov,
433
; and succession to Stalin,
435
,
437
,
443
; waning fortunes,
437
–8; and Stalin’s death,
442
; administration after Stalin’s death,
443
–8; reveals murder of Mikhoels and Golubov,
445
; conspiracy and charges against,
448
–53,
462
; fate of associates,
453
–4; shot,
453
; Abakumov blames,
455

Beria, Pavel,
334

Beria, Sergei,
452

Beria-Gegechkori, Nina (Lavrenti’s wife),
335
,
358
,
438
,
450

Beria-Jaqueli, Marta (Lavrenti’s mother),
334
,
453

Berling, Lieut.-Colonel (
later
General) Zygmunt,
366
,
368
,
399

Berman, Matvei,
176

Berman-Jurin, G.B.,
268

Bernadotte, Count Folke,
45

Berzin, Jan,
473

Bevin, Ernest,
462

Bialik, Khaim,
114
–15

Bierut, Bolesław,
400
,
439
,
441

Birobidjan,
427

Bismarck, Prince Otto von,
371

Blair, Tony,
xxi

Blake, William,
221

Blaszczyk, Henryk,
400

Bliukher, General Vasili,
197
,
228
,
314
–16,
448
,
482

Bliumkin, Iakov,
77
,
167
,
173
–4,
218
,
297

Blok, Aleksandr,
77
–8,
109
,
111
–12,
465

Blokhin, Vasili,
315
,
329
,
351
,
354
,
366
–7,
454
,
481

‘Blue Horns’ school (of poets),
340
–2

Blunt, Anthony,
382

Boarov, Živko,
440

Bochkov, Viktor,
349

Bogomoltsev, Dr Aleksandr,
459

Bokii, Gleb,
79
,
179
,
197
,
296
,
463

Bolsheviks: attack Russian state,
33
; October 1917 revolution,
54
,
65

Bolshoi,
321

Bonch-Bruevich, Elena (Leopold Averbakh’s wife),
211

Bonch-Bruevich, Vladimir,
65

Bór-Komorowski, General Tadeusz,
399

Borodin, Mikhail,
171
,
242

Bovkun-Luganets, Ivan,
350

Bovkun-Luganets, Nina,
350

Boy Scouts,
80
,
262

Brackman, Roman,
48
,
459

Brecht, Bertolt,
222
,
271
,
299

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1917–18),
77
,
86
,
174

Brezhnev, Leonid,
456

Brik, Lili,
223

Brik, Osip,
167

Britain: Stalin’s suspicion of,
139
; and USSR in war,
382

Briukhanov, Nikolai,
460

Bronshtein, Olga
see
Kameneva-Bronshtein, Olga

Bronstein, Matvei,
356

Bruce-Lockhart, Robert,
70
,
209
,
462

Buachidze, Benito,
342

Bubnov, Andrei,
29

Budberg, Moura, Baroness,
208
,
209
–10,
221

Buddhism: campaign against,
182
,
190

Budionny, Semion,
73
,
85
,
211
,
233
–4,
314
–15

Budkiewicz, Bishop Konstantin,
123

Bukhara rising (1921),
289

Bukharin, Nikolai: Stalin meets,
38
–9; view of Stalin,
47
; position in Politbiuro,
67
; rightist stance,
98
–9; Lenin criticizes,
126
; proposes less repressive regime to Dzierżyński,
129
; relaxes policy on peasants,
131
; dispute with Zinoviev and Stalin,
132
,
466
; friendship with Menzhinsky,
140
; Stalin turns against,
141
; decline in power and execution,
145
; and succession to Lenin,
145
–6; peasant policy,
147
,
151
–2,
177
,
181
–2; calls monitored,
152
–3; conspires against Stalin,
153
–5,
204
; downfall,
154
–5,
207
,
228
; demands death sentence in Shakhty trial,
158
; as patron of intellectuals,
164
; blackballed from Academy of Sciences,
168
; replaced as editor of
Pravda
,
199
; and Iagoda,
204
,
265
,
276
,
278
; Gorky’s liking for,
214
–15; attends first congress of Union of Writers,
215
,
217
–18; feud with Stalin,
215
,
477
; Mandelstam meets,
225
; and Riutin,
232
; on Nadezhda’s suicide,
233
; and Kirov murder,
239
; praises Stalin,
248
; Krupskaia supports,
257
; trial,
258
,
307
–11; cited in Kamenev-Zinoviev trial,
268
; under threat,
273
; arrested,
277
; edits
Izvestiia
,
307
–8; poem on Stalin,
308
; shot,
311
; Stalin proposes film characterization of,
374

Bulakh, Piotr,
324

Bulgakov, Mikhail,
163
,
165
,
216
,
227
,
321
,
354
,
471
;
The Day of the Turbins
,
112
,
164
,
166
;
Flight
,
166
;
The Master
and Margerita,
321

Bulganin, Nikolai,
402
,
443
,
448
–50

Bulgaria,
401
,
439
–41

Burgess, Guy,
382