Stalin's General (56 page)

22
On the Molotov-Khrushchev struggle, see G. Roberts,
Molotov: Stalin's Cold Warrior
(Washington, D.C.: Potomac, 2012).

23
Khrushchev Remembers
, p. 539.

24
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo
, p. 124.

25
Ibid., p. 148.

26
Ibid., pp. 126–33;
Reabilitatsiya: Kak Eto Bylo
, vol. 2 (Moscow: Materik, 2003), doc. 8, part 1, doc. 14, part 3.

27
This document, together with a number of related documents, may be found in the Volkogonov Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division.

28
Sovetskii Souz i Vengerskii Krizis, 1956 goda
(Moscow: Rosspen, 1998),
doc. 83. A number of the documents in this volume may be found in English translation on the website of the Cold War International History Project.

29
Ibid., doc. 82.

30
E. I. Malashenko, “Osobyi Korpus v Ogne Budapeshta,”
Voenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, nos. 10–12, 1993, no. 1, 1994. This is Malashenko's memoir of 1956.

31
See ibid. and
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo
, part two, doc. 39.

32
Sovetskii Souz i Vengerskii Krizis
, doc. 100.

33
Ibid., doc. 105.

34
Cited by Chaney,
Zhukov
, p. 413.

35
Sovetskii Souz i Vengerskii Krizis
, doc. 115.

36
Ibid., doc. 125.

37
Ibid., doc. 132.

38
Ibid., docs. 159, 160, 166, 179, 180, 184, 188, 192. Archive copies of these documents may be found in Fund 89: The Soviet Communist Party on Trial, Op. 45, Dd. 26–40.

39
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo
, part two, doc. 44.

40
On Zhukov's visit to India and Burma: Chaney,
Zhukov
, pp. 417–19; and W. J. Spahr,
Zhukov: The Rise and Fall of a Great Captain
(Novato, Calif.: Presidio, 1993), pp. 228–30.

41
Cited by V. A. Afanas'ev,
Stanovlenie Polkovodcheskogo Iskusstva G. K. Zhukova
(Moscow: Svyatigor, 2006), p. 250.

42
See S. A. Christensen and F. P. Jensen, “Superpower Under Pressure: The Secret Speech of Minister of Defence Zhukov in East Berlin, March 1957,
www.php.isn.ethz.ch/collections/coll_zhukov/zhukov.cfm
. The links to the two versions of Zhukov's speech may be found on the same website (Parallel History Project).

43
“Iz Vystupleniya Marshala Zhukova na Nauchnoi Konferentsii Mai 1957g.” I am grateful to Dr. S. A. Christensen for supplying me with a copy of this speech, which comes from the Czech military archives.

44
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo
, part two, doc. 49.

45
“Posle Smerti Stalina,” in ibid., p. 625.

46
Ibid., pp. 628–30.

47
Taubman,
Khrushchev
, pp. 314–20.

48
Molotov, Malenkov, Kaganovich, 1957: Stenogramma Iun'skogo Plenuma TsK KPSS i Drugie Dokumenty
, Mezhdunarodnyi Fond (Moscow: Demokratiya, 1998), pp. 38–39, 41, 67.

49
Marshal Zhukov: Moskva v Zhizn i Sud'be Polkovodtsa
, p. 498.

50
“Vystuplenie: Marshala Sovetskogo Souza G. K. Zhukova na Sobranii Partiinogo Aktiva Ministerstva Oborony i Moskovsogo Garnizona 2 Iulya 1957g.” Copy in Volkogonov Papers, Library of Congress, Manuscript Division.

51
“Anti-Party Bloc Fought Exposé of Stalin Cult—Zhukov,”
The Current Digest of the Soviet Press
, vol. 9, no. 25, 1957.

52
Spahr,
Zhukov
, pp. 236–37; Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev's Cold
War
, p. 77;
Marshal Zhukov: Moskva v Zhizni i Sud'be Polkovodtsa
, pp. 373–75.

53
“Posle Smerti Stalina,” p. 633.

54
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo (1957g.)
, part four, docs. 15, 18, 19.

55
Ibid., docs. 12–14.

56
Prezidium TsK KPSS, 1954–1964
, vol. 1, p. 264. See also Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev's Cold War
, p. 153.

57
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo (1957g.)
, part four, docs. 1–6, 10, 15.

58
Ibid., p. 217.

59
Ibid., docs. 15–16.

60
“Posle Smerti Stalina,” p. 635.

61
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo
, part 5, doc. 19.

62
The source for this quote is Khrushchev's American biographer, William Taubman, who commented: “With friends and colleagues like these, Zhukov needed no enemies.” Taubman,
Khrushchev
, pp. 362–63.

63
Chaney,
Zhukov
, p. 445.

64
I. S. Konev, “Sila Sovetskoi Armii i Flota—v Rukovodstve Partii, v Nerazryvnoi Svyazi s Narodom,”
Pravda
, November 3, 1957.

65
“Posle Smerti Stalina,” p. 639.

66
Marshal Zhukov: Polkovodets i Chelovek
, vol. 2 (Moscow: APN, 1988), p. 71.

67
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo (1957g)
, pp. 605–11.

68
Ibid., part two, doc. 29. This was the document that Zhukov was most attacked for at the October plenum of the Central Committee that removed him as defense minister and expelled him from the party leadership. See further: T. J. Colton, “The Zhukov Affair Reconsidered,”
Soviet Studies
, vol. 29, April 1977.

69
“Posle Smerti Stalina,” p. 632;
Marshal Zhukov: Polkovodets i Chelovek
, vol. 2, p. 70.

70
CIA Staff Study: “Party-Military Relations in the USSR and the Fall of Marshal Zhukov, 8 June 1959,” p. 42,
www.foia.cia.gov
. I am grateful to Mark Kramer for directing me toward this source.

71
Cited by Chaney,
Zhukov
, p. 464.

  1
K. Simonov,
Glazami Cheloveka Moego Pokoleniya
(Moscow: APN, 1989), p. 391. This passage was brought to my attention by O. P. Chaney,
Zhukov
, rev. ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), pp. 464–65.

  2
I. Mastykina,
Zheny i Deti Georgiya Zhukova
(Moscow: Komsomol'skya Pravda, 1996), pp. 56–57; author interview with Era Zhukov, Moscow, April 2010.

  3
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo (1957g.) Plenuma TsK KPSS i Drugie Dokumenty
(Moscow: Democratiya, 2001), part five, docs.
37–38; RGVA, F. 41107, Op. 1, D. 73, Ll. 1–2. It was his old adversary, Nikolai Bulganin, who signed the government decree on his retirement conditions—in one of his last acts as prime minister before Khrushchev sacked him in March 1958.

  4
P. N. Pospelov (ed.),
Istoriya Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny Sovetskogo Souza
, 6 vols. (Moscow: Voenizdat, 1960–1965).

  5
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo
, part five, docs. 39–41 and pp. 611–14. Brezhnev was accompanied by another Presidium member, Z. T. Serduk.

  6
See T. J. Colton, “The Zhukov Affair Reconsidered,”
Soviet Studies
, vol. 29, April 1977; P. M. Cocks, “The Purge of Marshal Zhukov,”
Slavic Review
, vol. 22, no. 3, 1963; and M. Gallagher, “Trends in the Soviet Historiography of the Second World War,” in J. Keep (ed.),
Contemporary History in the Soviet Mirror
(New York: Praeger, 1964).

  7
See the extracts from the memoirs of Batov, Belov, Biriuzov, Bychevskii, Chuikov, and Rokossovsky in S. Bialer,
Stalin and His Generals: Soviet Military Memoirs of World War II
(London: Souvenir Press, 1970).

  8
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma
, part five, doc. 42.

  9
D. V. Pavlov,
Leningrad v Blokade
(Moscow: Voenizdat, 1958); A. S. Zav'yalov and T. E. Kalyanin,
Vostochno—Pomeranskaya Operatsiya
(Moscow: Voenizdat, 1960)
Istoriya Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voiny Sovetskogo Souza
, vol. 1, pp. 240, 244; V. D. Sokolovsky (ed.),
Voennaya Strategiya
(Moscow: Voenizdat, 1962); Bialer,
Stalin and His Generals
, p. 25; K. K. Rokossovsky (ed.),
Velikaya Pobeda na Volge
(Moscow: Voenizdat, 1965).

10
A point made by Brian Bond in his review of
Marshal Zhukov's Greatest Battles
in
The Listener
, July 31, 1969. Copy in Zhukov's personal file series: RGVA, F. 41107, Op. 1, D. 85.

11
A. Mirkina,
Vtoraya Pobeda Marshala Zhukova
(Moscow: Vniigmi-Mtsd, 2000), p. 10.

12
Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament
(London: André Deutsch, 1974), pp. 13–14.

13
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo
, part six, doc. 6.

14
O. P. Chaney,
Zhukov
, rev. ed. (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996), pp. 468–70.

15
G. A. Kumanev,
Ryadom so Stalinym
(Moscow: Byliia, 1999), pp. 144–48. This book also contains the text of Zhukov's speech to the conference (pp. 160–72).

16
Marshal Zhukov: Moskva v Zhizni i Sud'be Polkovodtsa
(Moscow: Glavarkhiv, 2005), p. 544.

17
Much documentation may be found in RGVA, F. 41107, Op. 1, D. 54.

18
“Neskol'ko Voprosov iz Sovremennogo Polozheniya,” RGVA, F. 41107, Op. 1, D. 78. Ll. 80–82.

19
Bitva za Moskvu
(Moscow: Moskovskii Rabochii, 1968);
Stalingradskaya Epopeya
(Moscow: Nauka, 1968);
Kurskaya Bitva
(Moscow: Nauk, 1970).

20
RGVA, F. 41107, Op. 1, D. 76, Ll. 2, 31–128.

21
Chaney,
Zhukov
, p. 475.

22
RGVA, F. 41107, Op. 1, D. 79, Ll. 49–50.

23
Mirkina,
Vtoraya Pobeda Marshala Zhukova
, p. 47;
Marshal Zhukov: Moskva v Zhizn i Sud'be Polkovodtsa
, pp. 503–507. This is an extract from Maria's memoirs.

24
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo
, part six, doc. 5.

25
Mirkina,
Vtoraya Pobeda Marshala Zhukova
, passim. Zhukov's study, including the original desk and other items of furniture, is re-created in the Zhukov Museum. The desk in the museum is covered in red felt rather than the green leather recalled by Mirkina but perhaps Zhukov had it recovered.

26
Mirkina says the manuscript was delivered in March 1966 but Zhukov in his correspondence referred to autumn as the date of delivery.

27
G. Zhukov, “Korotke o Staline,”
Pravda
, January 20, 1989.

28
A. Samsonov, “Looking Truth in the Eye,”
Moscow News
, no. 18, 1987.

29
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo
, part 6, doc. 7.

30
N. A. Antipenko, “My Znali Druga Druga 25 let,” in
Marshal Zhukov: Polkovodets i Chelovek
, vol. 1 (Moscow: APN, 1988), p. 324.

31
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo
, part 6, docs. 3, 4, 9, 18, 19; RGVA, F. 41107, Op. 1, D. 119.

32
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo
, part 6, docs. 12, 13, 15.

33
Mirkina,
Vtoraya Pobeda Marshala Zhukova
, pp. 53–55.

34
Georgy Zhukov: Stenogramma Oktyabr'skogo
, part 6, docs. 16–17.

35
Cited by Chaney,
Zhukov
, p. 476 and W. J. Spahr,
Zhukov, The Rise and Fall of a Great Captain
(Novato, Calif.: Presidio, 1993), p. 262.

36
RGVA, F. 41107, Op. 1, D. 54, L. 75.

37
Some examples are reproduced by Mirkina,
Vtoraya Pobeda Marshala Zhukova
, pp. 103–26.

38
Spahr,
Zhukov
, p. 262.

39
A. Vasilevsky, “Sovetskomu Soldatu Posvyashchaetsya,”
Kommunist
, July 1969; A. Beloborodov, “Polkovodets o Voennykh Sobytiyakh i Ludyakh,”
Voenno-Istoricheskii Zhurnal
, no. 11, 1969.

40
Author interview with Era Zhukova, Moscow, April 2010.

41
RGVA, F. 41106, Op. 1, D. 172.

42
Marshal Zhukov: Moskva v Zhizn i Sud'be Polkovodtsa
, pp. 508–15. This is an extract from Maria's memoirs and contains the correspondence between Zhukov and Galina during their last years.

43
E. Tsvetaev, “Poslednii Podvig G.K. Zhukova,” in S. S. Smirnov et al.,
Marshal Zhukov: Kakim My Ego Pomnim
(Moscow: Politizdat, 1988).

44
RGVA F. 41107, Op. 1, D. 54, L. 184; D. 73, L. 113.

45
“Marshal Sovetskogo Souza Georgii Konstantinovich Zhukov,”
Pravda
, June 20, 1974.

46
A. Vasilevsky, “Pamyati Slavnogo Polkovodtsa,”
Pravda
, June 21, 1974.

47
“V Poslednii Put': Pokhorony Marshala Sovetskogo Souza G. K. Zhukova,”
Pravda
, June 22, 1974.

48
Translation by Geoffrey Roberts.

49
S. Alekseev,
Rasskazy o Marshale Zhukove
(Moscow: Malysh, 1977). The
existence of this book was brought to my attention by the annotated bibliography in V. A. Afanas'ev's invaluable
Stanovlenie Polkovodcheskogo Iskysstva G. K. Zhukova
(Moscow: Svyatigor, 2006).

50
Marshal Zhukov: Polkovodets i Chelovek
, 2 vols. (Moscow: APN, 1988);
Marshal Zhukov: Kakim My Ego Pomnim
(Moscow: Politizdat, 1989).

51
G. K. Zhukov,
Vospominaniya i Razmyshleniya
, 3 vols., 10th and 11
^th
eds. (Moscow: APN, 1990–1992).