Suleiman The Magnificent 1520 1566 (38 page)

Charriere's Negociations and von Gevay's Urkunden (cf. ante, pp. 302-303) are the principal sources for this chapter. J [on] Ursu, La Politique orientale de Francois /% is one of the best of historical monographs, and contains a full bibliography.

CHAPTER VII

It would be superfluous for me to point out how much I have depended for the material contained in this chapter on A. H. Lybyer's The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent, and his bibliography is so complete that there is no point in enlarging upon the sources on which he has relied. I can only add that many of the contemporaneous Italian accounts have been admirably translated in Sir William Stirling-Maxwell's The Turks in MDXXXIIL Joseph von Hammer-PurgstalFs Des Osmanischen Reichs Staatsverf as-sung und Staatsverwaltung (Vienna, 1815) may still be

consulted with profit, while the Encyclopedia of Islam, 4 vols. and supplement (Leiden and London, 1913-38)' is a mine of accurate information, brought abreast of the most modern historical scholarship by leading Orientalists.

CHAPTER VIII

Cf. notes on the preceding chapter and add N. lorga's Geschichte des Osmaniscben Reicbes (vol. II). E. J. W. Gibb, A History of Ottoman Poetry, 6 vols. (London, 1900—09), is the standard authority on the subject with which it deals. Dr. Barnette Miller's The Palace School of Muhammad the Conqueror (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1941) is a scholarly monograph which contains much that is useful for Suleiman's time; her Beyond the Sublime Porte (New Haven, 1931) and N. M. Penzer's The Harem (London, 1936) are perhaps chiefly valuable for the excellent maps, plans, and illustrations which they contain. Edmondo de Amicis, Constantinople, tr. Maria H. Lansdale, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1896), is pleasant and profitable reading.

CHAPTER IX

Cf. notes on Chapter VI and add Hajji Halifa (the name is often spelled Haji Khalfah), The History of the Maritime Wars of the Turks, tr. James Mitchell (London, 1831) — a precious seventeenth-century authority. Volume I (Madrid, 1895) of C. Fernandez Duro, Armada Es-panola, and volume III (Paris, 1891) of E. Mercier, His-toire de PAfrique Septentrionale y are the standard works on the subjects with which they deal. Further information may be found in the footnotes to chapter xxv (voL III) of my Rise of the Spanish Empire.

CHAPTER X

The principal sources for this chapter are Sidi Ali Reis, Travels and Adventures (otherwise known as The Mirror of Countries) , tx., with notes, by A. Vdmbery (London, 1899); The Chronique de Gald t wde f wos, roi d'Ethiopie, tr. and ed. W. F. Conzelman (Paris, 1895); Francisco Alvarez, Narrative of the Portuguese Embassy to Abyssinia (1520-1527}, tr. and ed. EL E. JL Stanley (London: Hakluyt Society, 1881); and Miguel de Castan-hoso, The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541-1543, tr. and ed. R. S. Whiteway (London: Hakluyt Society, 1901) .—Sir William W. Hunter, A History of British India, ^ vols. (London, 1899), is a standard authority, and K. G. Jayne, Vasco da Gama and His Successors (London, 1910), and R. S. Whiteway, The Rise of Portuguese Power in India, 1491-1550 (Westminster, 1899), are useful monographs.

CHAPTER XI

Gyorgy Pray, Epistolae Procerum Regni Hungariae, 3 vols. (Posonii, 1806); Fontes Rerum Austriacarum Scriptores, 69 vols. (1855-1931), especially vol. I; and Osterreichische Staatsvertrdge y vol. IX (Fiirstentum Sie-benbmgen, 1526-1590, Vienna, 1911), are the principal sources for this chapter, and the list may be indefinitely extended by consulting K. M. Kertbeny's Ungarn betref-fende deutsche Erstlings-Drucke, 1454-1600 (Budapest, 1880), and Graf Alexander Apponyi's Hungarica, vols. I and III (Munich, 1903 and 1925). The only lives of Mar-tinuzzi are those of A. Bechet, Histoire du ministere du Cardinal Martinusius (Paris, 1715), and O. M. Utiesenovic, Lebensgeschichte des Cardinals Georg Utiesenovic, ge-nannt Martinusius (Vienna, 1881).

CHAPTER XII

Cf. notes to Chapters IX and XI, and in addition: Halil Ganem, Les Sultans Ottomans^ 2 vols. (Paris, 1901—

02), and Henry Seddall, Malta (London, 1870). Further

information about the siege of Malta may be found in C.

Fernandez Duro, Armada EspaiJola, vol. II, and on pp.

114—121 of volume IV of my Rise of the Spanish 'Empire.

Alberi Bucholtz

Busbecq

Charriere

Gevay

'Relazlonl degH ambasclatori veneti al Senato . . . edite da. Eugemo Albert, 15 vols. (Florence, 1839—63). Franz Bernhard, Ritter von Bucholtz, Geschichte der Regierung Ferdinand des Ersten, aus gedruckten und ungedruckten Quellen, 9 vols. (Vienna, 1831-38). Charles Thornton Forster and F. EL Black-burne Daniell, The Life and Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, 2 vols. (London, 1881).

Negotiations de la France dans le Levant, ed. Ernest Charriere, 4 vols. (Paris, 1848-60), in Collection de documents inedits sur Phistoire de France.

Anton von Gevay, ed., Urkunden und Actenstucke zur Geschichte der Verh'dlt-nisse zimschen Osterreich, Ungern, und der Pforte im XVL und XVII. Jahrhun-derte, n pts. in 3 vols. (Vienna, 1838-42).

Hammer Joseph, Freiherr von Hamrner-Purgstall,

Histoire de VEmpire Ottoman^ 18 vols. (Paris, 1835—43), tr * ^ e 1'alkmand, "sur les notes et sous la direction de 1'auteur," par J. J. HeUert.

lorga Nicolae lorga, Geschichte des Osmanischen

Reiches, 5 vols. (Gotha, 1908—13).

Kretschniayr Heinrich Klretschmayr, "Ludovico Gritti,"

in Archiv fur osterreichische Geschichte, vol. Ixxxiii, i (1896), pp. i—106.

Lavisse and Rambaud Ernest Lavisse and Alfred Rambaud, editors, Histoire generale duIV e siecle a nos jours, 12 vols. (Paris, 1893-1901). My ref-312

erences are to voL III, chapter xvi, and vol. IV, chapter xix, by Alfred Rambaud, and to vol. IV, chapter xx, by Emile Mas-queray.

Lybyer Albert Howe Lybyer, The Government

of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent, Harvard Historical Studies, 18 (Cambridge, Mass., 1913).

R. B. M. Roger Bigeiow Merriman, The Rise of the

Spanish Empire, 4 vols* (New York, 1918-

34)-

Ursu JLonj Ursu, La Politique orientate de

Prangois I**, 1515-1541. (Paris, 1908).

Abbas Mirza, 241

Abd~ul-Baki (the Immortal), 199

Abu~Hanifa, Suleiman discovers

bones of, 239 Abyssinia, threatened by Ottoman

power, 252-256 Achmed, son of Bayezid II, 28 Achmet the Left-Handed, conquers

eastern Abyssinia, 253-254; death

of, 255

Achmet Pasha, 188; invades Hungary, 272 Aden, Portuguese defeated at, 245;

Suleiman the Eunuch sacks, 247,

252

Adet, the, 145-146 Adrian VI, Pope, 63, 82 Adrianople, Murad I captures, 9;

Suleiman governor of, 29 Adventures of Sidi AH, The, 251 Agnadello, Venice defeated at, 40,

41 Ahmed Pasha, 68, 76; captures Sabac,

56-57; executed, 77 Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles V crowned

at, 51

Akinji, 56, 94, 157 Ala-ed-Din, brother of Orkhan, 7 Albania, Moslems dominate, 20 Alboran, battle of, 225 Albuquerque, Affonso de, 245, 252 Aleppo, Selim defeats Mamelukes at,

24-25; Ghazali attacks, 34 Algiers, Spaniards capture and Aruj retakes, 207; Khaireddin captures, 209; Charles V defeated at, 227-229; under Suleiman the Magnificent, 230-233

Ali Pasha, Grand Vizir, 180, 190 Almeida, Francisco de, defeated off

Diu, 244

Aluch Ali, 285; rise of, 281-282 Amasia, 28; treaty of, 242-243 Ankara, Tamerlane defeats Bayezid

I at, 12

Anna, wife of King Ferdinand, 47 Apulia, Turks raid, 220 Aruj (Barbarossa), 37; aids Moors in

North Africa, 207-208 Augsburg, Confession of, 115 Ayaz Pasha, Grand Vizir, 185 Ayub, remains of, discovered, 239

Baghdad, Mongols overwhelm, 3; restored to control of Shah, 237; Suleiman occupies, 238-239

Bahadur Shah, seeks aid from Suleiman, 246-247; death of, 248

Bahram, Suleiman's envoy to Hungarians, 52-53

Bakshish, 31, 156, 180, 204

Balbus, Hieronymus, 54

Balby, Jean de, envoy from Charles V to Shah, 234

Balearic Islands, Khaireddin attacks, 218

Balkan states, Murad I attacks, 9

Banialuka, Turks capture, 97

Barbaro, Marcantonio, quoted on Ottoman government, 149

Barbarossa, see Aruj; Hassan; Khaireddin

Barbary states, piracy in, 206-207

Basileus, 146

Basra, 249, 250

Bathory, Stephen, 88, 99

Bayezid I, reign of, 10-12

'Bayezid II, 27, 70; reign of, 22; abdicates, 28-29

Bayezid, son of Suleiman, 188-189, 266, 291

Beirut, Ghazaii takes, 34

Belgrade, Servia, 51-52, 55; Hunyadi defeats Mohammed II at, 19; Suleiman captures, 57-59, 80

Belgrade, Turkey, Servians found, 58

Bellini, Gentile, paints portraits of Mohammed II, 16

Beni Hafs, 206

Beni Merin, 206

Beni Zeian, 206

Berbers, Khaireddin contends with, 209; resist Turkish occupation of North Africa, 230-231

Bermudez, John, seeks European aid for Abyssinia, 254

Bernard of Clairvaux, St., 126

Beylerbey, 165

Bicocca, Francis I defeated at, 63

Bidis, Turks lose and recapture, 237

Bizerta, Khaireddin lands at, 213

Boli, Suleiman governor of, 28

Bomy, truce of, 220

Bona, 216, 218

Bosnia, Mohammed II subdues, 20

Bourbon, Jacques de, 66

Bragadino, Pietro, quoted on Suleiman, 190-191

Brankovic, George, 52

Bribery and corruption, 203-204

Brusa, Osman captures, 6

Buda, 104; Ottoman army enters, 93-94; Ferdinand besieges, 263; Turks seize, 264-267

Budrun, 60, 73

Bugia, Spaniards capture, 207; Spaniards surrender, 275

Bulgaria, Murad I conquers, 9; Bayezid I acquires, n

Burhan Beg, 243

Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, quoted on Turkish slavery, 152-153; on Suleiman, 176-179, 192-193, 285-286; on wine drinking, 200-201; on physical endurance of Turks, 203; arranges peace between Austria and Porte, 272-273

Caccia Diabolo, defeats Spanish fleet of? Formentera, 209; Doria defeats, off Sardinia, 210

Cagliari, imperial fleet assembles at,

215

Cairo, Selim takes, 25 Caliph, use of, as tide, 25-26 Cambray, League of, 40 Cambray, Peace of, 137, 210 Cantacuzenus, John, Emperor of

Constantinople, 7 Capistrano, John of, 52 Caravanseries, 201 Carlowitz, Peace of, 257 Camiola, 128

Casimir IV, King of Poland, 42 Castelnuovo, Christians capture and

lose, 223-224, 226 Castriota, George, 14, 20 Cateau-Cambresis, Peace of, 276 Catherine of Aragon, 44, 135 Cesarini, papal legate, 15 Chaldiran, Persians defeated at, 235 Chaloner, Sir Thomas, quoted on

Turkish raids on shipping, 278 Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, 2, 32, 63, 208; rise of, 43-48; declines aid to Hungary, 82-84; crowned at Bologna, no; Suleiman campaigns against, 112-119; arranges truce with Lutherans, 115; resists Suleiman in Mediterranean, 210-211, 214-217, 221-225, 226-229; attempts to win over Khaireddin, 219-220, 222, 226, 229; seeks favor of Shah of Persia, 234-235; death of, 275

3*7

Charles VIII, King of France, 126

Charles (the Bold), Duke of Burgundy, 43

Cherchell, Doria attacks, 137, 210

Chirman, Murad I defeats Christian army at, 9

Chorlu, Selim routed at, 29

Christian II, King of Denmark, 44

Cilicia, 97

Clement VII, Pope, 73, 139; aids Hungarians, 81-82

Clermont, Council of, 126

Cognac, League of, 82, 131, 135

Commander of the Faithful, see Suleiman the Magnificent

Comuneros, revolt against Charles V, 4 8 ^

Constantinople, recaptured by Greeks, 3, 6; Bayezid I blockades, n; attacked by Murad II, 13; falls to Mohammed II, 16-19

Contarini, Bartolomeo, quoted on Suleiman, 33

Conversion of Christians to Islam,

153-154

Corfu, Turks defeated at, 220-221 Coron, Doria captures, 119, 123, 210-

211

Cortes, Hernando, 87, 227

Corvinus, Matthias, King of Hungary, 42, 94

Crimea, Mohammed II conquers Genoese settlements in, 20

Crusades, 126

Cyprus, Venice acquires, 39, 78

Czybak, Emerich, 259

Damascus, surrenders to Selim, 25;

Ghazali takes, 34 Dardanelles, Mohammed II fortifies,

20

Defterdars, 160, 163 Dellys, Aruj Barbarossa retakes, 207 Devshurmeh, the, or Tribute Boys,

151 Diu, 244, 249; Portuguese established

at, 247; Suleiman Pasha lays siege to, 248

Divan, the, 172-174 and passim.

Donini, Marcantonio, quoted on Suleiman, 193

Doria, Admiral Andrea, captures Coron, 119, 123, 210-211; deserts Francis I, 137; serves Charles V in Mediterranean, 210-211, 215, 218, 220, 221, 222-223, 228, 275; death of, 280

Dotis, Suleiman captures, 105

Dragut, 222, 281-282; captured at La Giralata, 225; commander of the Sultan's galleys, 274-275, 276; killed at Malta, 283

Drinking, 200-201

Dushan, Stephen, 8, 52

Egypt, Selim conquers, 24-25; Portuguese threaten trade routes, 244

Eldest Son of the Church, the, see Francis I, King of France

Elkass Mirza, 240-241

Enghien, Due d', 229

Erlau, Turks repulsed at, 272

Ertoghrul, 4-5

Esseg, surrenders to Suleiman, 86, 87; Ferdinand besieges, 260

Euboea, Mohammed II occupies, 21,

39 Eunuchs, employment of, 180

Falcon's Nest, see Mohammed So-kolli

Faridun, King, 235

Feodosia, see KafTa

Ferdinand, King of Spain, 43, 44

Ferdinand I, Roman emperor, 47, 134, 257, 258; protects Croatia, 83; elected king of Bohemia and Hungary, 98-100, 102; loses Hungarian dominions, 105-108; seeks trace with Suleiman, 100-114, 119-125; Turks defeat at Esseg, 260; concludes treaty of peace with Za-

Index

polya, 260-261; endeavors to secure Hungarian throne on death of Zapolya, 262-264; besieges Pesth, 268; granted five-year truce by Suleiman, 269-270; Martinuzzi attempts to install in Hungary, 271; succeeded by son, Maximilian II, 273