Target Tokyo: Jimmy Doolittle and the Raid That Avenged Pearl Harbor (79 page)

6
 The aircrews paused: Lord,
Day of Infamy
, p. 35; Agawa,
The Reluctant Admiral
, p. 255.

7
 “We await the day”: Matome Ugaki diary, Dec. 6, 1941, in Ugaki,
Fading Victory
, p. 38.

7
 Nagumo’s carriers battled: Fuchida, “I Led the Air Attack on Pearl Harbor,” p. 8; Kusaka, “Rengto Kantai (Combined Fleet),” pp. 32–33.

7
 One hundred and eighty-three: “Japanese Study of the Pearl Harbor Operation,” pp. 299–301.

7
 “First bomb”: Agawa,
The Reluctant Admiral
, p. 254.

CHAPTER 1

9
 “Air raid on Pearl Harbor”: CINCPAC to CINCLANT, CINCAF, OPNAV, Dec. 7, 1941, Box 36, Map Room Papers, Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum (FDRL), Hyde Park, N.Y.

9
 President Franklin Roosevelt: The President’s Appointments, Sunday, Dec. 7, 1941, in
Hearings before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, pt. 15,
Joint Committee Exhibits Nos. 44 through 87
, 79th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946), p. 1634. A copy can also be found in Box 1, Official File (OF) 4675, FDRL.

9
 the parlor: details on Roosevelt’s study are drawn from Grace Tully,
F.D.R.: My Boss
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949), pp. 10, 370–71; Hanson Baldwin, “Our ‘Sailor-President’ Charts a Course,”
New York Times
, April 3, 1938, p. 117; “The White House in Color,”
Life
, Sept. 2, 1940, pp. 66–70; “The White House,” ibid., July 5, 1968, p. 9; Steven M. Gillon,
Pearl Harbor: FDR Leads the Nation into War
(New York: Basic Books, 2011), pp. 2–3.

10
 “He mixed”: Robert E. Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1948), p. 214.

10
 Roosevelt’s Sunday lunch: Eleanor Roosevelt,
This I Remember
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949), pp. 232–33; James Roosevelt and Sidney Shalett,
Affectionately, F.D.R.: A Son’s Story of a Lonely Man
(New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959), p. 328.

10
 Despite the demands: “Roosevelt’s Stamps on View,”
New York Times
, Aug. 4, 1935, p. 3; “Roosevelt among His Stamps,” ibid., Sept. 10, 1933, p. SM17; Geoffrey Hellman, “Franklin Roosevelt,”
Life
, Jan. 20, 1941, pp. 66–73.

10
 “No man”: “Fireside Chat on National Security,” Dec. 29, 1940, in B. D. Zevin, ed.,
Nothing to Fear: The Selected Addresses of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1932–1945
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1946), pp. 252, 257.

11
 The island nation: United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), Transportation Division,
The War against Japanese Transportation, 1941–1945
(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1947), p. 13.

11
 Japan could produce: USSBS, Oil and Chemical Division,
Oil in Japan’s War
(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946), p. 11; Harold Callender, “Oil: Major Factor in Another War,”
New York Times
, Aug. 13, 1939, p. E4.

11
 “Napoleon’s armies”: Arno Dosch-Fleurot, “Oil to Dominate Next World War,”
New York Times
, June 19, 1938, p. E5.

11
 The hunger: USSBS, Over-all Economic Effects Division,
The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy
(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946), pp. 6–10.

11
 “unholy alliance”: Turner Catledge, “Roosevelt Calls for Greater Aid to Britain,”
New York Times
, Dec. 30, 1940, p. 1.

11
 Japan invaded: USSBS,
The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy
, p. 9.

11
 He ordered: Ibid.; “British Empire Joins Our Action; Canada and Netherlands in Move,”
New York Times
, July 26, 1941, p. 1; “Batavia Risks War,” ibid., July 29, 1941, p. 1; “Japanese Trade with U.S. to End,” ibid., July 26, 1941, p. 5; “Japan to Allow Americans to Go; Tokyo Trade Hit,” ibid., Aug. 23, 1941, p. 1; “Oil Policy Changes,” ibid., Aug. 2, 1941, p. 1; “U.S. Solidifies Far East Policy,” ibid., Aug. 17, 1941, p. E5; “Vast Trade Curbed,” ibid., July 26, 1941, p. 1; “Washington Retaliates,” ibid., Aug. 3, 1941, p. E1.

11
 Japan had stockpiled: USSBS,
The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy
, pp. 13, 29, 52.

11
 To stretch supplies: USSBS,
Oil in Japan’s War
, p. 1.

11
 Workers punched: USSBS,
The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy
, p. 13; USSBS (Pacific), Military Analysis Division,
Japanese Air Power
(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946), pp. 4–5, 28–29; USSBS, Chairman’s Office,
Summary Report (Pacific War)
(Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946), p. 9.

12
 Aggressive recruitment: USSBS,
Summary Report (Pacific War)
, p. 10–12; David M. Kennedy, ed.,
Library of Congress World War II Companion
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), p. 257.

12
 The Japanese Navy not only: Samuel Eliot Morison,
The Two-Ocean War: A Short History of the United States Navy in the Second World War
(Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press Book/Little, Brown, 1963), p. 39.

12
 “I cannot guarantee”: John Morton Blum,
From the Morgenthau Diaries
, vol. 2,
Years of Urgency, 1938–1941
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), p. 391.

12
 “Only in situations”: “The President Sends a Personal Appeal to Emperor Hirohito to Avoid War in the Pacific, December 6, 1941,” in Samuel I. Rosenman, comp.,
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt
, 1941 vol.,
The Call to Battle Stations
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950), pp. 511–13.

12
 Roosevelt’s closet adviser: Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, pp. 1–3; Charles Hurd, “Hopkins: Right-Hand Man,”
New York Times
, Aug. 11, 1940, p. 85.

12
 “a strange, gnomelike creature”: Joseph Stilwell diary, Feb. 9, 1942, in Joseph W. Stilwell, ed.,
The Stilwell Papers
, ed. Theodore H. White (New York: William Sloane Associates, 1948), p. 36.

12
 “a cadaver”: Grace Tully interview, Dec. 15, 1970, Box 78, Series 5.2, GWPP.

12
 Dressed in an old gray sweater: Roosevelt,
Affectionately, F.D.R.
, p. 327.

12
 “Mr. President”: Forrest Davis and Ernest K. Lindley,
How War Came: An American White Paper: From the Fall of France to Pearl Harbor
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1942), p. 5.

13
 “It was just the kind”: Harry Hopkins memo, Dec. 7, 1941, in Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, p. 431.

13
 The seventy-four-year-old New York native: “Henry L. Stimson Dies at 83 in His Home on Long Island,”
New York Times
, Oct. 21, 1950, p. 1.

13
 “Have you heard the news?”: This exchange comes from Henry Stimson diary, Dec. 7, 1941, in
Hearings before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, pt. 11,
April 9 and 11, and May 23 and 31, 1946
, 79th Cong., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1946), p. 5438.

13
 “Claude”: This exchange comes from John L. McCrea, “War Plans under My Mattress,” in Stillwell, ed.,
Air Raid: Pearl Harbor!
, p. 104.

14
 Though the precise details: Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack,
Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack
, pp. 64–65.

14
 Casualties among soldiers: Shigeru Fukudome, “Hawaii Operation,” in Stillwell, ed.,
Air Raid: Pearl Harbor!
, p. 69.

14
 The president hung up the phone: Linda Levin,
The Making of FDR: The Story of Stephen T. Early, America’s First Modern Press Secretary
(Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2008), pp. 251–52.

14
 “I think the President”: This exchange comes from Mr. Early’s Press Conference, Dec. 6, 1941, transcript, Box 41, Stephen T. Early Papers, FDRL.

14
 “Have you got a pencil handy?”: This exchange comes from Levin,
The Making of FDR
, p. 251.

14
 Within minutes Early placed: Press Statement, Dec. 7, 1941, 2:25 p.m., Box 41, Stephen T. Early Papers, FDRL.

15
 “All on?”: Lyle C. Wilson, “World War II,” in Cabell Phillips, ed.,
Dateline: Washington: The Story of National Affairs Journalism in the Life and Times of the National Press Club
(New York: Green Press, 1968), p. 184; Correspondents of
Time
,
Life
, and
Fortune
,
December 7: The First Thirty Hours
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1942), p. 10.

15
 Secret Service agent Mike Reilly: Michael F. Reilly as told to William J. Slocum,
Reilly of the White House
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947), pp. 3–7.

15
 “Start calling in”: Ibid., p. 4.

15
 “Why don’t they”: This exchange comes from Frank J. Wilson and Beth Day,
Special Agent: Twenty-Five Years with the U.S. Treasury Department and Secret Service
(London: Frederick Muller, 1965), pp. 141–42.

15
 Reilly phoned Washington police chief: Reilly,
Reilly of the White House
, p. 4.

15
 His trusted personal secretary: Grace Tully interview, Dec. 15, 1970.

15
 “The president wants you right away”: Tully,
F.D.R.
, p. 254.

16
 “jumped to like a fireman”: Grace Tully interview, Dec. 15, 1970.

16
 “Crown Prince”: Roosevelt,
Affectionately, F.D.R.
, p. 290.

16
 “Hi, Old Man”: This exchange comes from Doris Kearns Goodwin,
No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II
(New York: Touchstone Book/Simon and Schuster, 1994), p. 290.

16
 “I became aware”: Roosevelt,
Affectionately, F.D.R.
, p. 327.

16
 “Hello, Jimmy”: Ibid., p. 328.

16
 Roosevelt’s advisers crowded: The President’s Appointments, Sunday, Dec. 7, 1941.

16
 “Many of the moves”: Harry Hopkins memo, Dec. 7, 1941, in Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, p. 432.

17
 “The news was shattering”: Tully,
F.D.R.
, pp. 254–55.

17
 Poindexter told the president: Charles M. Hite, diary, Dec. 7, 1941, Box 126, John Toland Papers, FDRL.

17
 “My God”: Tully,
F.D.R.
, p. 255.

17
 Roosevelt took another call: Harry Hopkins memo, Dec. 7, 1941, in Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, p. 432.

17
 “We shall declare war on Japan!”: This exchange comes from John Gilbert Winant,
Letter from Grosvenor Square: An Account of a Stewardship
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1947), p. 277.

17
 “Mr. President”: This exchange comes from Winston S. Churchill,
The Grand Alliance
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950), p. 605.

18
 “To have the United States”: Ibid., pp. 606–7.

18
 “The
Oklahoma
has capsized”: “Memorandum for the President,” 3:50 p.m., Dec. 7, 1941, Box 1, OF 4675, FDRL.

18
 “Three battleships sunk”: CINPAC to OPNAV, Dec. 7, 1941, Box 36, Map Room Papers, FDRL.

18
 “Heavy losses sustained”: OPNAV to All Naval Air Stations and Air Groups, Dec. 7, 1941, ibid.

18
 “My God, how did it happen”: Alonzo Fields, “Churchill Visit Leaves Lasting Mark,”
Washington Post
, Sept. 20, 1961, p. D4.

18
 Still unaware of the war’s outbreak: Shirley Povich, “War’s Outbreak Is Deep Secret to 27,102 Redskin Game Fans,”
Washington Post
, Dec. 8, 1941, p. 24; Thomas R. Henry, “Capital Retains Outward Calm Despite Shock of War News,”
Evening Star
, Dec. 8, 1941, p. A-6.

18
 “Keep it short”: Edward T. Folliard, “The Remembrance of That Fatal Day,”
Washington Post
, Dec. 7, 1965, p. A18.

18
 “The Japanese have kicked off”: Ibid.

18
 “Admiral W. H. P. Bland”: Povich, “War’s Outbreak Is Deep Secret to 27,102 Redskin Game Fans,” p. 24.

18
 “The Resident Commissioner”: Ibid.

18
 Fans began to buzz: Thomas R. Henry, “Capital Retains Outward Calm Despite Shock of War News,” p. A-6; David Braaten, “A Quiet Washington Sunday . . . And a New Era Began,”
Evening Star
, Dec. 7, 1966, p. 1.

18
 Crowds in Times Square: “That Day the City Changed to the Way of War,”
New York Times
, Dec. 7, 1966, p. 22.

19
 “The Star Spangled Banner”: Ibid.

19
 “I want to beat them Japs”: “What the People Said,”
Time
, Dec. 15, 1941, p. 17.

19
 “We’ll stamp their front teeth”: Ibid.

19
 “Sit down, Grace”: Tully,
F.D.R.
, p. 256.

19
 Roosevelt normally depended: Samuel I. Rosenman,
Working with Roosevelt
(New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), pp. 1–12, 305–6.

19
 “Yesterday, December seventh”: Tully,
F.D.R.
, p. 256; Rosenman,
Working with Roosevelt
, p. 307; “December 7, 1941—A Date Which Will Live in Infamy—Address to the Congress Asking That a State of War Be Declared between the United States and Japan,” Dec. 8, 1941, in Rosenman, comp.,
The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt
, 1941 vol., pp. 514–16.

19
 “eloquent defiance”: Sherwood,
Roosevelt and Hopkins
, p. 437.

19
 “represented Roosevelt”: Ibid., p. 436.

20
 “world history”: Rosenman,
Working with Roosevelt
, p. 307.

20
 “would forever describe”: Ruth Dean, “When Roosevelt Gave a Tragic Date a Name,”
Evening Star
, Dec. 8, 1964, p. B-9.

20
 “With confidence”: Tully,
F.D.R.
, p. 256; Rosenman,
Working with Roosevelt
, p. 307.