Taste of War: World War II and the Battle for Food (119 page)

140
Wettlin,
Russian Road
, p. 85.

141
Moskoff,
The Bread of Affliction
, p. 163.

142
Rush, Memoir, NLA MS 8316, p. 207.

143
Ibid.

144
Ibid., p. 210.

145
Ibid., p. 215.

146
Ibid., p. 216.

147
Bengelsdorf,
Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten
, p. 319.

148
Tuyll,
Feeding the Bear
, p. 117; Dunn,
The Soviet Economy
, pp. 86–7.

149
Volin,
A Century
, p. 293.

150
Erickson,
The Road to Berlin
, p. 84.

151
Tuyll,
Feeding the Bear
, p. 117.

152
Tolley,
Caviar and Commissars
, p. 80.

153
Dunn,
The Soviet Economy
, p. 86.

154
Rush, Memoir, NLA MS 8316, pp. 217–18.

155
Tuyll,
Feeding the Bear
, p. 83.

156
Bengelsdorf,
Die Landwirtschaft der Vereinigten Staaten
, p. 318.

157
Tuyll,
Feeding the Bear
, p. 117.

158
Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 30, Case 639, pp. 53–4.

159
Moskoff,
The Bread of Affliction
, p. 126.

160
Ibid., p. 130.

161
Ibid., p. 131.

162
Ibid., p. 130.

163
Ibid., pp. 126–8.

164
Figes,
The Whisperers
, p. 441.

165
Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System, Schedule A, Vol. 15, Case 305, pp. 71–2.

166
Ibid., p. 43.

167
Barber and Harrison,
The Soviet Home Front
, pp. 78–9.

168
Rush, Memoir, NLA MS 8316, p. 207.

169
Moskoff,
The Bread of Affliction
, pp. 230–32.

170
2 September 1944, 22 October 1944, Alexander Papers, NLA, MS2389.

171
Barber and Harrison,
The Soviet Home Front
, pp. 87–8.

172
Tolley,
Caviar and Commissars
, p. 149.

173
Wheatcroft and Davies, ‘Population’, p. 78.

174
Merridale,
Ivan’s War
, p. 165.

175
Keyssar and Pozner,
Remembering War
, p. 62.

176
Figes,
The Whisperers
, p. 416.

177
Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, p. 389.

178
Sakharov,
Memoirs
, p. 41.

179
Kravchenko,
I Chose Freedom
, p. 361.

180
Overy,
Why the Allies Won
, pp. 189–90; Barber and Harrison,
The Soviet Home Front
, p. 68.

15. Germany and Britain – Two Approaches to Entitlement

1
Curtis-Bennett,
The Food of the People
, p. 250.

2
Beevor,
Berlin
, p. 39.

3
Spiekermann, ‘Brown bread for victory’, p. 161.

4
Ibid.

5
Mackay,
Half the Battle
, p. 202.

6
Dewey,
War and Progress
, pp. 130, 150.

7
Laybourn,
Britain on the Breadline
, p. 61.

8
Dewey,
War and Progress
, p. 258.

9
Laybourn,
Britain on the Breadline
, p. 43.

10
Webster, ‘Healthy or hungry’, p. 117.

11
Ibid., pp. 118, 120.

12
Laybourn,
Britain on the Breadline
, p. 63.

13
Dewey,
War and Progress
, p. 150.

14
Mayhew, ‘The 1930s nutrition controversy’, p. 455.

15
Ibid., pp. 122–3.

16
Bosworth, ‘Eating for the nation’, p. 227.

17
Jonsson, ‘Changes in food consumption’, pp. 25, 40–41.

18
Laybourn,
Britain on the Breadline
, pp. 62–3.

19
Burnett,
Plenty and Want
, p. 281.

20
Orr,
As I Recall
, p. 115.

21
Mayhew, ‘The 1930s nutrition controversy’, pp. 457–8.

22
Webster, ‘Healthy or hungry’, p. 117.

23
Ibid., pp. 116–17.

24
Staples,
The Birth of Development
, pp. 72–4.

25
Crew, ‘General introduction’, p. 8.

26
Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, p. 261; Berghoff, ‘Methoden der Verbrauchslenkung’, pp. 283, 287–8.

27
Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, p. 285.

28
Corni,
Hitler and the Peasants
, p. 170.

29
Proctor,
The Nazi War on Cancer
, pp. 125–6.

30
Spiekermann, ‘Vollkorn für die Führer’, p. 94.

31
Ibid., p. 95.

32
Spiekermann, ‘Brown bread for victory’, pp. 150–51.

33
Ibid., p. 153.

34
Ibid., p. 151.

35
Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, p. 287.

36
Reagin, ‘
Marktordnung
and autarkic housekeeping’, p. 171.

37
Collins,
The Alien Years
, p. 45.

38
Ibid.

39
Gruchmann, ‘Korruption’, p. 576.

40
Collins,
The Alien Years
, pp. 45–6.

41
Ibid., p. 46.

42
Gordon, ‘Fascism, the neo-right and gastronomy’, pp. 84–5.

43
Corni,
Hitler and the Peasants
, pp. 50–3.

44
Hachtman, ‘Lebenshaltungskosten’, p. 50.

45
Hinze, ‘“Die ungewöhnlich geduldigen Deutschen”’, p. 47.

46
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, pp. 192–3.

47
Hachtman, ‘Lebenshaltungskosten’, p. 52; Baten and Wagner, ‘Autarchy, market disintegration and health’, p. 19.

48
Huegel,
Kriegsernährungswirtschaft Deutschlands
, p. 285.

49
Collins,
The Alien Years
, p. 26.

50
Geyer, ‘Soziale Sicherheit’, p. 392; Mason,
Social Policy in the Third Reich
, p. 132.

51
Tooze,
The Wages of Destruction
, p. 709.

52
Baten and Wagner, ‘Autarchy, market disintegration and health’, p. 22. There are historians who argue that the workers’ diet improved under the National Socialists. Farquharson states that between 1934 and 1937 Germans increased their consumption of white flour, sugar and butter by almost one-quarter, and that meat consumption went up by 11 per cent. Farquharson, ‘The agrarian policy’, p. 244.

53
Reagin, ‘
Marktordnung
and autarkic housekeeping’, p. 166; Baten and Wagner, ‘Autarchy, market disintegration and health’, p. 2.

54
Proctor,
The Nazi War on Cancer
, p. 125.

55
Haffner,
Defying Hitler
, p. 17.

56
Ibid.

57
Baten and Wagner, ‘Autarchy, market disintegration and health’, pp. 3–8, 22–4.

58
Gumpert,
Heil Hunger!
, p. 76.

59
On the lack of statistical information in Germany see Von der Decken, ‘Die Ernährung in England und Deutschland’, pp. 198–9.

60
Heim,
Kalorien, Kautschuk, Karrieren
, p. 107; Corni and Gies,
Brot, Butter, Kanonen
, p. 556.

61
Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 465.

62
Lüdtke, ‘Hunger, Essens-“Genuß” und Politik’, p. 124.

63
Kaplan, ‘Jewish daily life’, p. 397.

64
Lucia and Peter Seidel in conversation with the author.

65
Kaplan, ‘Jewish daily life’, p. 397.

66
Ibid., pp. 397–8.

67
Ibid., p. 404.

68
Corni and Gies,
Brot, Butter, Kanonen
, p. 565.

69
Gratzer,
Terrors of the Table
, p. 156.

70
Burleigh,
Death and Deliverance
, p. 242.

71
Ibid., p. 231.

72
Ibid., pp. 241–2.

73
Proctor,
The Nazi War on Cancer
, p. 171.

74
Addison,
Churchill
, pp. 338–9; Mackay,
Half the Battle
, p. 53.

75
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, pp. 19–20.

76
Oddy,
From Plain Fare
, p. 148.

77
Gardiner,
The 1940s House
, p. 125.

78
Woolton,
Memoirs
, p. 218.

79
Leff, ‘The politics of sacrifice’, p. 1301.

80
Waller,
London 1945
, p. 88.

81
Woolton,
Memoirs
, p. 218.

82
Garfield,
We Are at War
, pp. 80, 298–9.

83
Hammond,
Food and Agriculture
, pp. 232–3.

84
Oddy,
From Plain Fare
, pp. 142–3.

85
Woolton,
Memoirs
, p. 218.

86
Roodhouse, ‘Popular morality’, p. 247.

87
Burnett,
Plenty and Want
, p. 293.

88
Bird,
The First Food Empire
, p. 175.

89
Driver,
The British at Table
, p. 33.

90
Sheridan,
Wartime Women
, pp. 148–9.

91
Waller,
London 1945
, p. 198.

92
Garfield,
Private Battles
, p. 290.

93
Zweiniger-Bargielowska,
Austerity in Britain
, p. 74.

94
Don Joseph, comments to
http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/Homeword/war/rationing.htm
.

95
Hardyment,
Slice of Life
, p. 8.

96
Burnett,
Plenty and Want
, p. 293.

97
Doreen Laven, notes on wartime memories.

98
Burnett,
Plenty and Want
, p. 295.

99
Woolton,
Memoirs
, p. 212.

100
Mackay,
Half the Battle
, p. 201.

101
Burnett,
Plenty and Want
, p. 292.

102
Mackay,
Half the Battle
, p. 202.

103
Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 469; Corni and Gies,
Brot, Butter, Kanonen
, p. 556.

104
Dörr,
“Wer die Zeit nicht miterlebt hat …”
, II, p. 11.

105
Corni and Gies,
Brot, Butter, Kanonen
, p. 559.

106
Stephenson,
Hitler’s Home Front
, p. 202.

107
Rüther,
Köln
, p. 66.

108
Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 465.

109
Fritz,
Frontsoldaten
, p. 26.

110
Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, pp. 472–3.

111
Werner,
“Bleib übrig!”
, p. 47.

112
Ibid., p. 56.

113
Ibid., pp. 127–8.

114
Ibid., p. 48.

115
Ibid., p. 128.

116
Müller, ‘Die Mobilisierung der deutschen Wirtschaft’, p. 468.