Terror in the Balkans (126 page)

Divisionsbefehl Nr. 11 für Kampfführung und Behandlung Aufständischer, p. 2.

121. Ibid.

122. MFB4/56159, 28326/16, 382–385. Gruppe Oberstleutnant Faninger, 8/31/42. Bericht

über die Säuberung im Raume Šekovicí im Unternehmen S.

123. MFB4/56159, 28326/16, 442–443. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 8/28/42. Betr.: Erfahrungsberichte, p. 3.

124. MFB4/56159, 28326/16, 380. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 8/17/42. Besondere Anordnungen zum

Divisionsbefehl Nr. 26 für die Behandlung der Bevölkerung und der Aufständischen

während des Unternehmens S.

125. Ibid.

126. MFB4/56159, 28326/16, 392–395. Gruppe Oberstleutnant Faninger, 9/3/42. Betr.:

Erfahrungsbericht über Einsatz bei Unternehmen “S.”

127. MFB4/56159, 28326/16, 442–443. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 8/2/42. Betr.: Erfahrungsberichte, p. 5.

128. Ibid.

129. Ibid.

130. Ibid.

131. For an overview of the fate of the Jews in the NDH, see Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration,
chap. 13. According to Tomasevich, over four and a half thousand Jews were members of the Yugoslav Partisan forces, but the largest infl ux did not come until September 1943, when Partisans

released large numbers of Jews from former Italian internment camps. Ibid., 605.

132. See Appendix A.

133. Fortner was in fact executed by the Yugoslav government for war crimes in 1947, In this regard, the brutal nature of much of his conduct earlier in 1942 should be noted.

See Appendix A.

9. the mor ass

1. MFB4/56159, 28326/16, 442–443. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 8/28/42. Betr.: Erfahrungsberichte, p. 3.

2. Ibid., p. 4.

318
Notes to Pages 191–194

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. MFB4/56157, 28326/9, 847–851. 718. Inf.-Div. Ic, 6/20/42. Lagebericht, 6/1–6/15/42.

7. MFB4/56159, 28326/16, 442–443. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 8/28/42. Betr.: Erfahrungsberi-

chte, p. 6.

8. MFB4/56157, 28326/9, 847–851. 718. Inf.-Div. Ic, 6/20/42. Lagebericht, 6/1/-6/15/42,

p. 3. “Pravoslavic” means Eastern Orthodox—in this context, Serbs.

9. MFB4/17200, 1178. KG Serbien Ia, 7/28/42. Betr.: Deutsche Gerichtsherren für

kroat. Kriegsgerichte.

10. MFB4/56158, fi le 28326/16. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 8/28/42. Betr.: Erfahrungsberichte, p.

5.

11. MFB4/56160, 34404/1, 120–123. 718. Inf.-Div. Ic. Lagebericht, 9/21/-10/6/42 (no date).

12. MFB4/17201, 28328/9, 128–141. KG Serbien Ia, 9/20/42. Lagebericht, 9/11–9/20/42

pp. 1–2.

13. MFB4/17201, 28328/10, 357–363. KG Serbien Ia, 10/20/42, Lagebericht 10/11–

10/20/42, p. 2.

14. MFB4/17201, 28328/10, 426–431. KG Serbien Ia 10/31/42, Lagebericht, 10/21–10/31/42,

pp. 1–2.

15. Jozo Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and

Collaboration
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), 377.

16. Marko Attila Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and
the Chetniks 1941–1943
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 21.

17. Marko Attila Hoare,
The History of Bosnia from the Middle Ages to the Present Day
(London: Saqi, 2007), 267.

18. Klaus Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
(Hamburg: E. S. Mittler, 2002), 156–157.

19. Hoare,
The History of Bosnia from the Middle Ages to the Present Day
, 200–204, 226–

230, 267–273. For a detailed examination of the Handschar Division, see George

Lepre,
Himmler’s Bosnian Division: The Waffen-SS Handschar Division 1943–1945

(Atglen, PA: Schiffer, 2004).

20. Jozo Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks
(Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1975), 257.

21. MFB4/56157, 28326/9, 743. LSB 923, 5/4/42. Lagebericht, 5/3/-5/4/42.

22. MFB4/56159, 28326/16, 392–395. Gruppe Oberstleutnant Faninger, 9/3/42. Betr.:

Erfahrungsbericht über Einsatz bei Unternehmen “S,” p. 3.

23. BfZ, Sammlung Sterz. Lt. Peter Geissler, 11. Kp. / IR 721, 714. Inf.-Div., 9/25/42.

24. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks
, 256–261; Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks

1941–1943
, 143–148; Hoare,
The History of Bosnia from the Middle Ages to the Present
Day
, 254; Dulic´,
Utopias of Nation: Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
1941–42
, 213–214.

25. MFB4/56157, 28326/8, 847–851. 718. Inf.-Div. Ic, 6/20/42. Lagebericht, 6/1/–6/15/42, pp. 1–2.

Notes to Pages 195–199
319

26. MFB4/56158, 28326/14, 1094. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 5/13/42. Betr.: Aufstellung von Dorf-

wehergemeinschaften, Einstellung von Miliz.

27. Ibid.

28. MFB4/56158, 28326/14, 1096. Führungsstab KG Bader Qu., 5/19/42. Betr.: Aufstel-

lung von Dorfwehrgemeinschaften, Einstellung von Miliz.

29. MFB4/56160, 34404/1, 86–89. 718. Inf.-Div. Ic, 9/22/42. Lagebericht, 9/1/-9/20/1942; MFB4/56160, 34404/1, 120–123. 718. Inf.-Div. Ic Lagebericht, 9/21/-10/6/1942 (no date).

30. MFB4/56158, 28326/14, 1094. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 5/13/42. Betr.: Aufstellung von Dorf-

wehrgemeinschaften, Einstellung von Miliz.

31. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 652–656. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 10/13/42. Betr.: Verhältnis zu den Chetniks,
pp.
3–4.

32. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944,
157.

33. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 652–656. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 10/13/42. Betr.: Verhältnis zu den Chetniks, p. 1.

34. On Chetnik-NDH co-operation, see Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943
, 233–234, 262, 274.

35. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 652–656. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 10/13/42. Betr.: Verhältnis zu den Chetniks, pp. 3–4.

36. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 811–812. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 11/13/42, p. 2.

37. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 652–656. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 10/13/42. Betr.: Verhältnis zu den Chetniks, p. 3.

38. Edward B. Westermann,
Hitler’s Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the

East
(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 1–19.

39. See Appendix A.

40. The 1931 census returns of four eastern Bosnian districts in 1931 record 79,738 Mus-

lims as opposed to 59,939 Orthodox Serbs. By contrast, the 1931 census records of

four districts in the vicinity of Mount Kozara record 32,665 Muslims as opposed to

119,850 Orthodox Serbs. Dulic´,
Utopias of Nation: Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and

Herzegovina, 1941–42
, 177, 216.

41. In addition, two movements might temporarily coalesce to fi ght another that they considered a greater mutual threat at the time. See Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943
, 208–212 (Partisans and Ustasha against Chetniks), 233–234, 262, 274 (Chetniks and Ustasha against Partisans).

42. Geoffrey Swain,
Tito: A Biography
(London: I. B. Tauris, 2011), 46–48.

43. Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks
1941–1943
, 239–246.

44. Ibid., 278, 283–284.

45. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 190–192.

46. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collabo-

ration
, 279.

47. MFB4/17201, 28328/10, 241–247. KG Serbien Ia, 10/1/42. Betr.: Lagebericht, 9/21–

9/30/42, p. 5.

48. MFB4/17201, 28328/10, 426–431. KG Serbien Ia 10/31/42, Lagebericht, 10/21–10/31/42, p. 5.

49. Stevan K. Pavlowitch,
Yugoslavia
(London: Ernest Bevin, 1971), 136.

320
Notes to Pages 199–203

50. Hoare,
Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks
1941–1943
, 320–325; Stevan K. Pavlowitch,
Hitler’s New Disorder: The Second World
War in Yugoslavia
(London: Hurst, 2008), 128–131; Swain,
Tito: A Biography
, 49–55.

51. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks
, 229.

52. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collabo-

ration
, 274–279.

53. Tomislav Dulic´,
Utopias of Nation: Local Mass Killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina,
1941–42
(Uppsala: Uppsala University Library, 2005), 288–292.

54. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 176.

55. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collabo-

ration
, 277–278.

56. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 176.

57. Tomasevich,
War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collabo-

ration,
278–279.

58. Timothy P. Mulligan
, The Politics of Illusion and Empire: German Occupation

Policy in the Soviet Union, 1942–1943
(New York: Praeger, 1988), 139. On the Commando Order, see also Philip W. Blood,
Hitler’s Bandit Hunters: The SS and the

Nazi Occupation of Europe
(Washington, DC: Potomac, 2006), 81–83.

59. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 165–166.

60. See, for example, Löhr’s orders of October 18 and December 7, 1942 (ibid., 174, 182).

61. MFB4/17201, 28328/11, 466–467. Der Wehrmachtbefehlshaber im Südosten zugl.

mit der Führung der 12. Armee beauftragt, 10/28/42; Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in

Jugoslawien 1941–1944,
174.

62. IWM, NHT Document 1722 (translation). War Diary of the Commanding General

and Commander in Serbia Ia, 10/2/42. Captured German documents used at the

Nuremberg Trials were translated into English; sometimes, as is the case here, the

translations were not of the highest quality.

63. IWM, NHT Document 1722 (translation). Commanding General and Commander

in Serbia Ia, 10/10/42. Subject: Precautionary measures against enemy attacks.

64. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 509–510. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 9/26/42. Divisionsbefehl Nr. 29 für Versammlung der Kampfgruppe Suschnig zur Entsetzung von Jajce, p. 1.

65. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 569–570. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 10/5/42. Betr.: Bericht über

Zustände in Jajce nach Einnahme durch deutsche Truppen, p. 2.

66. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 538. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 9/30/42. Divisionsbefehl Nr. 31 für Vor-stoß auf Jajce.

67. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 529–531. 718. Inf.-Div. Ic, 9/30/42. Feindnachrichtenblatt

Nr. 7 für das Unternehmen “Jajce,” pp. 1–2.

68. Ibid.

69. Ibid., p. 1.

70. Ibid.

71. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 524. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 9/28/42. Divisionsbefehl Nr. 30 zur Bildung der Kampfgruppe Suschnig und Wüst und Versammlung für Unternehmen Jajce.

72. Schmider,
Partisanenkrieg in Jugoslawien 1941–1944
, 170.

73. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 660–661. 718. Inf.-Div., 10/18/42. Divisionsbefehl Nr. 34 für

Zerschlagung der Partisanengruppen im Raum Jajce.

Notes to Pages 203–208
321

74. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 669–670, 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 10/18/42. Divisionsbefehl Nr. 34, p. 1.

75. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 676. KG Serbien O. Qu., 10/14/42.

76. RW40/34. KG Serbien Ia. KTB, 10/23/42, 10/29/42, 10/31/42.

77. MFB4/17201, 28328/10, 312–321. KG Serbien Ia, 10/11/42. Betr.: Lagebericht,

10/1–10/10/42.

78. MFB4/56159, 28326/18, 938–948. Kampfgruppe Wüst, 12/23/42. Abschlußbericht

über Unternehmen Jajce III, p. 1.

79. MFB4/56159, 28326/18, 897. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 11/30/42. Divisionsbefehl Nr. 49 für Unternehmen Jajce III. From this order of battle, it is clear that the 668th Artillery

Section had now been re-designated as a regiment.

80. MFB4/18730, 28328/3, 929–932. KG Serbien Ia, 3/1/42. Betr.: Zehn-Tagesmeldung,

pp. 2–3.

81. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 692–695. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 11/14/42. Beurteilung der Lage im

Sicherungsbereich der 718. Inf.-Div., p. 1.

82. Ibid.

83. Ibid.

84. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 633. 718. Inf.-Div. Kommandeur, 10/10/42. Kameraden der

Ustasa und des kroatishen Heeres!

85. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 692. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 11/14/42. Beurteilung der Lage im

Sicherungsbereich der 718. Inf.-Div., p. 2.

86. MFB4/56159, 28326/18, 1102–1104. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 12/31/42. Betr.: Bemerkungen zur Ausbildung und Betreuung der Truppe.

87. MFB4/56159, 28326/18, 991–993. Anlage Nr. 1 zu GR 750 Br. B. Nr. 1102/42 geh. .

Erfahrungsbericht über Einsatz Jajce vom 11/23–12/11/42, p. 3.

88. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 585–595. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 10/12/42. Abschluß- und Erfah-

rungsbericht über das Unternehmen gegen Jajce im Okt. 42.

89. MFB4/56159, 28326/18, 830. 718. Inf.-Div. Ia, 11/16/42. Betr.: Zuteilung von Pzkp-

fwg., Zügen; MFB4/56159, 28326/18, 832. Bf. dt. Tr. Kroatien, 11/20/42.

90. MFB4/56159, 28326/18, 963–964. GR 738. Erfahrungsbericht über das Unterne-

hmen Jajce III (no date).

91. MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 622–623. IR 750, 10/10/42. Betr.: Erfahrungen beim

Jajce-Unternehmen.

92. Ibid.; MFB4/56159, 28326/17, 628–629. Kampfgruppe Wüst, 10/10/42. Anlage 17, 18

zum Bericht über Unternehmen Jajce.

93. RW 40/34. KG Serbien, Kriegstagebuch, 10/4/42.

94. Ibid., 10/6/42.

95. MFB4/56159, 28326/18, 950–953. Gruppe Annacker, 11/26/42. Bericht über die

Aktion vom 11/25/-11/26/42, p. 1.

96. Steiner is a pseudonym.