The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin (51 page)

Great Britain (
continued
)

changes attitude toward Franklin, 139-40

and Franklin’s mission to France, 184, 185—86,

on Franklin as London agent of Massachusetts

190-91

137-38

Franklin’s new conception of empire, 120-24

resignation of, 140

and Franklin’s vision of future of New World,

and Walpole (Grand Ohio) Company scheme,

70-72

136

George III, 93-94, 104, 122, 155, 160, 186

Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 177,
178

Grafton, 133-34

Howard, Martin, Jr., 103, 104

Grenville, 107, 108, 113, 119, 265n21

Howe, Richard, 149, 162, 166-67

Hutchinson letters affair, 139-47

Howe, William, 162, 166, 190

peace negotiations with, 195, 196, 198-99

Howells, William Dean, 2, 4

Pitt, 91, 92, 148, 149-50

Hughes, John, 108, 111, 112-13

reasons for American rebellion, 201

Hume, David, 85, 86, 88

Rockingham, 25, 119, 170, 171

Humphreys, David, 211, 222

royal governors, 78, 102, 118

Hunter, William, 72

Royal Society, 64, 65, 86, 170, 186

Hutchinson, Thomas

after Seven Years War, 105

and Albany Plan of Union, 10, 75

Treaty of Paris, 210

on commoners, 39

Wilkes, 127-29

to exile in England, 153

See also
Parliament

Franklin compared with, 10-11

Greene, Nathanael, 18

letters affair, 139-47, 158, 186, 269n93

Grenville, George, 107, 108, 113, 119, 265n21

on Otis, 114

Greuze, Jean-Baptiste, 177,
178

and Parliamentary representation for colonies,

Griffin, Cyrus, 222, 223

116

and Stamp Act, 107, 109-10, 111

Haines, T. L., 6

Halifax, Earl of, 113, 265n21

Indian influence thesis, 72-73, 259n31

Hall, David

Iroquois, 73, 74

Franklin in partnership with, 54

Isaacson, Walter, 258n13

and Franklin on Stamp Act, 108, 112, 121, 125

Israel Potter
(Melville), 6

moves into Market Street shop, 57

Izard, Ralph, 188-89, 193-94, 228, 232, 276n81

and Stamp Act riots, 111

Hamilton, Alexander

Jackson, James, 228, 229

difficulty in identifying with, 2

Jackson, Richard, 40, 88, 107

on fame, 11

James, Abel, 202, 203, 210

Franklin as older than, 11

Jarratt, Devereux, 35

marriage of, 33

Jay, John

on opening Constitutional Convention sessions

and Deane, 189

with prayer, 220

on Franklin and New Jersey Assembly, 251n10

patronage in rise of, 26

and Franklin on congressional bills, 198

Hamilton, Andrew, 27

on Franklin on loyalists, 163

Harper, James, 240

and Franklin’s concern about his influence,

Harrington, James, 39-40

279n37

Harry, David, 51

Franklin’s patriotism questioned by, 210

Hartley, David, 159

payment for service abroad, 224

Harvard College, 21, 65

in peace negotiations with Britain, 195

Hawke, David Freeman, 272n13

in West’s
Treaty of Paris,
199

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 6

Jefferson, Thomas

Hazard, Ebenezer, 224

as American minister to France, 212

Helvetius, Anne-Catherine, 208-9

autobiography of, 14

Helvetius, Claude-Adrien, 204, 208

British conspiracies seen by, 127

Henry, Patrick, 18, 109

as celebrated abroad, 9

Hewson, William, 261n64

commonwealth theory of the empire, 123

Hillsborough, Lord

criticism of, 5

declines to be commissioner to France, 169

Lee, William, 188-89, 193

difficulty identifying with, 1

Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
(Dickinson),

on Franklin, 212

100, 123

on Franklin and Confederation Congress,

L’Hospital, J. F de, 177,
179

280n57

Library Company, 44-45, 47, 55, 63, 213, 230

Franklin as older than, 11

lightning, 64

on Franklin’s reputation in Europe, 212,

lightning rod, 64, 65, 177, 234

221,234

Lining, John, 66

marriage of, 33

literacy, 19, 250n7

and peace negotiations with Britain, 195

Livingston, Robert R., 183, 195

Jerome, Chauncey, 243

Livingston, William, 233

Johnson, Samuel (clergyman), 103, 257n1

Locke, John, 41

Johnson, Dr. Samuel (lexicographer)

Lodge, Henry Cabot, 1

on colonists, 114

London

as court pensioner to Franklin, 160

Franklin’s home in, 85, 86
,
261n64

on Franklin as mischief maker, 151

Franklin’s mission to Great Britain of

and London, 84, 85

1757-1762, 84—88

“mechanic” as defined by, 41

Franklin’s visit of 1724—1726, 28-30

Strahan as printer for, 86

printers in, 31, 52

Johnson, William Samuel, 232

Wilkesite riots in, 128

Junto, 42, 44

London Chronicle
(newspaper), 116 Long Island, battle of, 167

Kames, Henry Home, Lord, 117

Loudoun, Lord, 78

Kant, Immanuel, 65

Louis XV, 171-72

Keats, John, 5

Louis XVI

Keimer, Samuel, 24, 26, 31, 51

compensation for ministers abroad, 224

Keith, William, 24, 26, 28-29

Franklin’s appearance when received by,

Kennedy, Archibald, 72, 74

180-81

King, Rufus, 232

Franklin’s image put on chamber pot by, 179,

kite experiment, 64, 160, 258n13

274n53

and French support of Americans, 184, 191,

labor

196

Franklin celebrated as champion of, 235-38

gift for Franklin, 209

Franklin on, 39, 45, 197

Lovell, James, 193

Franklin on slavery and, 226

Lyon, Matthew, 236

gentlemen and commoners distinguished by, 38-40

Lyon, Patrick, 241-42,
242

by the middling sort, 42

McArdell, James, 87,
87

in myth of American nationhood, 243-46

McKean, Thomas, 192

Lafayette, Marquis de, 211

Maclay, William, 232

Langford, Paul, 254n61

Madison, James

La Rochefoucauld, Francois, Duc de, 174, 179

difficulty in identifying with, 1-2

Laurens, Henry, 189, 194, 195,
199

and doubts about Franklin’s patriotism, 156,

Laurens, John, 194

157, 216, 217, 231

Lawrence, D. H., 7-8, 205, 245

Franklin as older than, 11

Lawrence, Thomas, 59

Mandeville, Bernard, 30

Leather Apron, 42

Manning, William, 236

Lee, Arthur

Marie-Antoinette, 184

on Franklin as London agent for

Martin, David, 125,
126

Massachusetts, 155-56

Martinet, Francois,
173

on Franklin on peace commission, 195

Massachusetts

in mission to France, 169, 187, 188, 189

and Albany Plan of Union, 76

payment for services abroad, 224

British sending troops to, 127, 136

Lee, Richard Henry, 156, 189, 211, 228, 232

Coercive Acts and, 148

Massachusetts (
continued
)

American exceptionalism, 197

Constitution of 1780, 193, 219

conspiracies seen on both sides, 126-29

Franklin as London agent of, 136—38

English arrogance regarding, 113-15

Gage made military governor of, 153

France mistrusted in, 187

Hutchinson letters affair, 141-47, 269n93

Franklin on cultural inferiority of, 95-97

Lexington and Concord, 153

Franklin on new colonies in West, 81-82, 91

Stamp Act riot in, 109-10

Franklin’s ambivalence about England’s

See also
Boston

relation to, 124-26

Mather, Cotton, 19, 21, 27

Franklin’s vision of future of, 70-72

maxims, 84, 182, 274n61

French and Indian War, 78-81

Mecom, Jane, 90

Hutchinson letters affair, 139-47

Mellon, Thomas, 240

legal status of, 78, 260n46

Melville, Herman, 6

Parliamentary representation for, 78, 113,

Meredith, Hugh, 31-32

115-16

Middlekauff, Robert, 262n81

royal governors, 78, 102, 118

middling sort, the, 41-43

royal prerogative as suspect in, 102

in Europe, 244

Stamp Act, 105-13

Franklin as middling hero to, 235-38, 244

Townshend duties, 130

Franklin proposes association for, 55-56

Walpole (Grand Ohio) Company scheme,

Franklin’s middling status, 42, 46-49

135-36

Library Company organized for, 44-45

Wilkes supported in, 128-29

in Masonic organizations, 282n86

See also
American Revolution; Connecticut;

newspapers read by, 20

Continental Congresses; Founders;

Sons of Liberty from, 110

Massachusetts; Pennsylvania; South

See also
artisans

Carolina; Virginia

Militia Association, 55, 59-60, 69

North American Review,
5

Miller, Perry, 2

North Briton
(newspaper), 128-29

Mirabeau, Honore Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de,

230, 231

Oath of the Horatii, The
(David), 174,
175

Misanthrope
(Moliere), 16

Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind,

Molasses Act (1733), 106

Peopling of Countries, Etc.
(Franklin), 70

Monroe, James, 212

Odell, Jonathan, 281n77

Montaigne, Michel de, 182, 274n61

Oeuvres de M. Franklin,
172

Morgan, Edmund S., 262n81

Oliver, Andrew, 109, 140-41, 142, 143, 144

Morris, Robert, 18, 80, 189, 194, 196

Otis, James, 114, 116

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 174

Otto, Louis, 234

Munford, Robert, 36-37

Paine, Thomas, 18, 155

Neagle, John, 241—42,
242

paper, Franklin as dealer in, 54

New England Courant
(newspaper), 20, 21, 22

paper money, 45, 52, 54, 108-9

New Jersey Assembly, 251n10

Parker, James, 54, 72, 109, 112

newspapers

Parliament

in Boston, 20-21

in British constitution, 165

incendiary writing in, 125-26

Chatham’s reconciliation plan rejected by

London Chronicle,
116

House of Lords, 150

New England Courant,
20, 21, 22

eighteenth-century attitude toward, 118

North Briton,
128-29

Franklin contrasts Continental Congress with,

Pennsylvania Gazette,
52-53, 125

160

and Stamp Act, 112

Franklin seeing as source of tyranny, 122-24

New World.
See
North American colonies

Franklin’s House of Commons testimony on

Norris, Isaac, 74, 100, 262n80

Stamp Act, 117-20

North, Frederick, Earl of Guilford, 134

North American rebels brought to England to

North American colonies

be hanged by, 127

Albany Plan of Union, 10, 72-78

representation for the colonies, 78, 113, 115-16