The Angel (42 page)

 
29
.
      
Sabri,
Sadat: The Truth and the Legend
, pp. 654–55; Fatah,
Who Killed Ashraf Marwan?,
pp. 33–34.

 
30
.
      
Fawzi,
Secrets of the Assassination of Ashraf Marwan
, p. 29; Sabri,
Sadat: The Truth and the Legend
, p. 656.

 
31
.
      
Sabri,
Sadat: The Truth and the Legend
, pp. 656–57.

 
32
.
      
Ibid., pp. 657–59; Tharwat,
Ashraf Marwan: Fact and Illusion
, pp. 36–38.

 
33
.
      
Al-Akhbar
, October 12, 1978.

 
34
.
      
Sabri,
Sadat: The Truth and the Legend
, pp. 656–57; Fatah,
Who Killed Ashraf Marwan?,
p. 43.

 
35
.
      
Fatah,
Who Killed Ashraf Marwan?
p. 44.

 
36
.
      
Maariv
, October 17, 1978.

 
37
.
      
“Statement from Ashraf Marwan, Responding to Claims in the Book by (The Engineer) Osman Ahmed Osman,”
Al-Akhbar al-Youm
and
Al-Ahram
, April 16, 1981; Sabri,
Sadat: The Truth and the Legend
, p. 665.

 
38
.
      
Sabri,
Sadat: The Truth and the Legend
, pp. 662–65.

Chapter 12: An Angel in the City, a Son-in-Law Exposed

   
1
.
      
Interview with Tom Bower;
New York Times
, December 28, 2004.

   
2
.
      
A report on the Proposed Merger,
Lonrho Limited and House of Fraser Limited
, Presented to Parliament in Pursuance of Section 83 of the Fair Trading Act 1973 (London: Her Majesty's Printing Office, December 9, 1981), p. 27 (hereafter: Griffiths Report, 1981).

   
3
.
      
Pinkindustry, “The House of Fraser,”
Atlantic Semantic
, http://pinkindustry.wordpress.com/the-house-of-fraser.

   
4
.
      
Tom Bower,
Fayad: The Unauthorized Biography
(London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 151; Tom Bower,
Tiny Rowland: A Rebel Tycoon
(London: Mandarin, 1994), pp. 499–500.

   
5
.
      
Chris Blackhurst, “As Mysterious in Life as in Death,”
Timeout
London, July 2, 2007.

   
6
.
      
Chris Blackhurst, “The Shadowy World of Ashraf Marwan,”
Business
, May 5, 1987.

   
7
.
      
Interview with Tom Bower.

   
8
.
      
Quotations from Griffiths Report, 1981; statement of Member of Parliament Charles Wardle, June 4, 1997, http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/com mons/1997/jun/04/dti-inquiries#column_318; commentary on Griffiths's choice of words; interview with Tom Bower, June 28, 2010.

   
9
.
      
Letter from Sir Andrew Bowden MBE, MP, to the Parliamentary Commissioner for Standards, February 13, 1997 (hereafter: Bowden Letter).

 
10
.
      
Interviews with Bower and Blackhurst; Robinson,
Yamani
, pp. 130–35.

 
11
.
      
Simon Parkin, “Who Killed the 20th Century's Greatest Spy?”
Guardian
, September 15, 2015: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/sep/15/who-killed-20th-centurys-greatest-spy-ashraf-marwan.

 
12
.
      
Graham Greene,
Our Man in Havana
(New York: Penguin, 1969); John le Carré,
The Tailor of Panama
(New York: Knopf, 1996).

 
13
.
      
Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv,
Imperfect Spies
(Tel Aviv: Maariv, 1990), p. 176.

 
14
.
      
Ian Black and Benny Morris,
Israel's Secret Wars
(New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991), p. 286.

 
15
.
      
Shmuel Katz,
Soldier Spies: Israeli Military Intelligence
(Novato, CA: Presidio, 1992), p. 246.

 
16
.
      
Eli Zeira,
Myth versus Reality: The Yom Kippur War—Failures and Lessons
(Tel Aviv: Eidanim, 1993).

 
17
.
      
Telephone conversation with Amnon Dankner, May 13, 2010.

 
18
.
      
Zeira,
Myth versus Reality
, p. 124.

 
19
.
      
Robinson,
Yamani
, p. 85.

 
20
.
      
Zeira,
Myth versus Reality: The Yom Kippur War—Failures and Lessons
, p.126.

 
21
.
      
Ruling of Arbitration, before Justice (ret.) Theodor Orr. Plaintiff: Eliahu (Eli) Zeira, represented by Adv. B. Mozer et al.; v. Defendant: Zvi Zamir, represented by Adv. Danziger, Klegsbald et al., March 25, 2007, pp. 15–17 (hereafter: Orr Ruling).

 
22
.
      
Zeira,
Myth versus Reality: The Yom Kippur War—Failures and Lessons
, pp. 85, 123.

 
23
.
      
Orr Ruling, pp. 16–17.

 
24
.
      
Ephraim Kahana, “Early Warning Against Concept: The Case of the Yom Kippur War 1973,”
Intelligence and National Security
7, no. 2 (2002): 81–104, 99.

 
25
.
      
Ahron Bregman and Jihan el-Tahri,
The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs
(London: Penguin, 1998).

 
26
.
      
Ahron Bregman,
Israel's Wars, 1947–93
(London: Routledge, 2000).

 
27
.
      
Ahron Bregman,
A History of Israel
(Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002).

 
28
.
      
Israel Television Channel One,
Supplement of Supplements
, September 23, 2004.

 
29
.
      
Orr Ruling, p. 34.

Chapter 13: Fallen Angel

   
1
.
      
In addition to the sources cited below, the current description of the events surrounding Marwan's death relies on interviews with two of the people most closely associated with the affair but who preferred to remain anonymous. Other sources include: Private electronic correspondence with Dr. Ahron Bregman, June 28, 2010; Yossi Melman, “It Doesn't Sound Like the Ashraf Marwan I Know”; Majdi al-Jallad, “
Al-Masry al-Youm
Publishes Important Details on the Death of Ashraf Marwan,”
Al-Masry al-Youm
, July 7, 2007; “Mona Abdel Nasser Interviews with
Al-Ahram Weekly
: The Israelis Murdered My Husband and Paid Money to Distort the Truth,”
El-Araby,
September 24, 2007; “Apology,”
Al-Ahram Weekly
, November 2007, Issue 872, pp. 22–28; Rajiv Syal, “‘Double Agent' Billionaire's Death in Fall from Balcony Was Murder, Says Friend,”
Sunday Times
, October 13, 2007; “An Egyptian Riddle,”
Private Eye
, August 4, 2010; Parkin, “Who Killed the 20th Century's Greatest Spy?”

   
2
.
      
Rajiv Syal, “Evidence Missing in ‘Spy' Death-Fall Mystery,”
Times Online
, August 29, 2007.

   
3
.
      
Rick E. Ingram, ed.,
The International Encyclopedia of Depression
(New York: Springer, 2009), pp. 546–47.

   
4
.
      
Yossi Melman, “It Doesn't Sound Like the Ashraf Marwan I Know”; electronic correspondence with Dr. Ahron Bregman, June 28, 2010; Parkin, “Who Killed the 20th Century's Greatest Spy?”

   
5
.
      
Andrew Hosken, “Billionaire's ‘Spy' Death Remains a Mystery,”
BBC Radio, July 15, 2010.

   
6
.
      
Al-Araby
, September 24, 2007.

   
7
.
      
“Mossad Agents Murdered My Husband, Says Widow of Billionaire Arms Dealer,”
Observer
, July 11, 2010.

   
8
.
      
Telephone conversation between Ahron Bregman and Ashraf Marwan, October 14, 2003, in Dr. Bregman's private collection.

   
9
.
      
Transcript of telephone conversation between Ahron Bregman and Ashraf Marwan, May 7, 2005.

 
10
.
      
Zamir and Mass,
With Open Eyes
, pp. 151–53.

 
11
.
      
James Forsyth, “Did He Fall or Was He Pushed?,”
Spectator
, August 15, 2007.

 
12
.
      
Rajiv Syal, “Missing Memoirs Fuel Spy Death Mystery,”
Sunday Times
, August 13, 2007.

 
13
.
      
Ronen Bergman, “The ‘Khotel' Code.”

 
14
.
      
Electronic correspondence with the librarian at the archive in Washington and with Dr. Ahron Bregman, August 10 and 29, 2010.
      

 
15
.
      
Howard Blum, “The Double Agent Who Fooled Israel,” early draft of “Another Operative Is Outed—But in Israel This Time,”
Los Angeles Times
, October 5, 2003.

 
16
.
      
Telephone conversation between Ahron Bregman and Ashraf Marwan, October 6, 2006.

 
17
.
      
Yossi Melman, “What Is Known About the Mysterious Death of Ashraf Marwan, the Agent Who Warned Israel of the Yom Kippur War,”
Haaretz
, May 28, 2010.

 
18
.
      
Ilana Dayan, “The Last Spy.”

 
19
.
      
Zamir and Mass,
With Open Eyes
, p. 129.

 
20
.
      
Heikal,
Mubarak and His Time
, p. 246.

 
21
.
      
Ronen Bergman, “Their Man in Cairo,”
Yediot Ahronot
, May 6, 2005.

 
22
.
      
Heikal,
Mubarak and His Time
, p. 252.

 
23
.
      
Ibid., p. 256.

 
24
.
      
Ben Macintyre,
A Spy Among Friends
(New York: Crown, 2014), pp. 265–67.

 
25
.
      
Heikal,
Mubarak and His Time
, p. 260.

 
26
.
      
Dr. Moustafa al-Fiqi, “On El-Leithy Nassif, the Egyptian General Who Died in a Manner Similar to Ashraf in London,”
Al-Masry al-Youm
, October 9, 2008; “Egyptian X-File: Stuart Tower, the Beginning,”
Egyptian Chronicles
, May 21, 2010, http://egyptianchronicles.blogspot.com/2010/05/egyptian-x-file-stuart-tower-beginning.html.

 
27
.
      
Kris Kenway, “Searching for Cinderella,”
Egypt Today
25, no. 6 (June 2004): pp. 22-30; “Egyptian X-File: Cinderella's Rank,”
Egyptian Chronicles
, July 14, 2009, http://egyptianchronicles.blogspot.com/2009/07/egyptian-x-file-cinderella-rank.html.

 
28
.
      
Rose al-Yusuf
, June 29, 2011.

 
29
.
      
Reuters, July 2, 2007.

 
30
.
      
Ilana Dayan, “The Last Spy.”

 
31
.
      
Steve Kroft, “Was the Perfect Spy a Double Agent?”
60 Minutes
, May 10, 2009.

Books

Arabic

Fatah, Assam Abdel.
Who Killed Ashraf Marwan? The File of Agent Babel
. Cairo: El-Eiman, 2007.

Fawzi, Mohamed.
Secrets of the Assassination of Ashraf Marwan
. Beirut: Al-Watan Lel Nasher, 2007.

Heikal, Mohamed Hassanin.
Mubarak and His Time . . . From the Podium to the Square
. Cairo: Dar al-Shorouq, 2013.

Jam'a, Mohamed.
I Knew Sadat: Half a Century of Secrets About Sadat and the [Muslim] Brotherhood
. Cairo: Al-Maktab al-Masry al-Hadeth, 1999.

Sabah, Souad al.
Falcon of the Gulf: Abdullah Mubarak al-Sabah
. Kuwait: Kadhma, 1995.

Sabri, Musa.
Sadat: The Truth and the Legend
. Cairo: Al-Maktab al-Masry al-Hadeth, 1985.

Tharwat, Muhammad.
Ashraf Marwan: Fact and Illusion
. Cairo: Madbuli, 2008.

Hebrew

Ashkenazi, Motti, with Baruch Nevo and Nurit Ashkenazi.
Tonight at Six There Will Be War
. Tel Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuhad, 2003.

Barto, Hanoch.
Dado: 48 Years and Another 20 Days
. Or Yehuda: Dvir, 2002.

Bergman, Ronen, and Gil Meltser.
The Yom Kippur War: Real Time
. Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronot, 2003.

Braun, Arieh.
Moshe Dayan in the Yom Kippur War
. Tel Aviv: Edanim, 1992.

Gera, Gideon.
Gaddafi's Way in Libya
. Tel Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuhad, 1983.

Golan, Shimon.
Decision-Making of the Israeli High-Command in the Yom Kippur War
. Ben Shemen: Modan and IDF History Department, 2013.

Gordon, Shmuel.
Thirty Hours in October, Fateful Decisions: The Air Force at the Start of the Yom Kippur War
. Tel Aviv: Maariv, 2008.

Klein, Aaron J.
The Master of Operations: The Story of Mike Harari
. Jerusalem: Keter, 2014.

Medzini, Meron.
Golda: A Political Biography
. Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronot, 2008.

Melman, Yossi, and Dan Raviv.
Imperfect Spies
. Tel Aviv: Maariv, 1990.

Nassib, Selim,
Umm
. Tel Aviv: Asia, 1999.

Oren, Elchanan.
The History of the
Yom Kippur
War
. Tel Aviv: IDF-History Department, 2013.

Rabin, Yitzhak.
Record of Service
. Tel Aviv: Maariv, 1978.

Reshef, Amnon.
We Will Never Cease! Brigade 14 in the War of
Yom Kippur
. Or Yehuda: Dvir, 2013.

Shalev, Arieh.
Failure and Success in the Warning: Intelligence Assessments on the Eve of the Yom Kippur War
. Tel Aviv: Maarachot, 2006.

Shamir, Shimon.
Egypt under Sadat's Leadership: The Search for a New Orientation
. Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1978.

Yaacobi, Gad.
By a Hair'
s Breadth: How an Agreement between Israel and Egypt Was Missed, and the Yom Kippur War Was Not Prevented
. Tel Aviv: Edanim, 1989.

Zamir, Zvi, and Efrat Mass.
With Open Eyes
. Or Yehuda: Zmora-Bitan, 2011.

Zeira, Eli.
Myth versus Reality, The October '73
War: Failures and Lessons
. Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronot, 2004.

English

Aburish, Said K.
Nasser: The Last Arab
. New York: Macmillan Publishers, 2004.

.
The Rise, Corruption, and Coming Fall of the House of Saud
. London: Bloomsbury, 2005.

Alam, Asadollah.
The Shah and I: The Confidential Diary of Iran
's Royal Court, 1969–1977
. London: I. B. Tauris, 1991.

Alexander, Anne.
Nasser
. London: Haus Publishing, 2005.

Andrew, Christopher, and Vasili Mitrokhin.
The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World
. New York: Basic Books, 2005.

Bar-Joseph, Uri.
The Watchman Fell Asleep: The Surprise of
Yom Kippur and Its Sources
. Albany: SUNY Press, 2005.

Beattie, Kirk J.
Egypt during the Sadat Years
. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1980.

Black, Ian, and Benny Morris.
Israel's Secret Wars
. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

.
A History of Israel
. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

Blum, Howard.
The Eve of Destruction: The Untold Story of the Yom Kippur War
. New York: HarperCollins, 2003.

Bower, Tom.
Fayad: The Unauthorized Biography
. London: Macmillan Publishers, 1998.

.
Tiny Rowland: A Rebel Tycoon
. London: Mandarin, 1994.

Bregman, Ahron, and Jihan el-Tahri.
The Fifty Years War: Israel and the Arabs
. London: Penguin, 1998.

.
Israel's Wars, 1947–93
. London: Routledge, 2000.

Chaliand, Gerard, ed.
People without a Country: Kurds and Kurdistan.
London: Zed Books, 1984.

Cherkashin, Victor, and Gregory Feiger.
Spy Handler: Memoirs of a KGB Officer: The True Story of the Man Who Recruited Robert Hanssen and Aldrich Ames
. New York: Basic Books, 2005.

Cooley, John K.
Libyan Sandstorm
. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982.

.
Unholy Wars
. London: Pluto Press, 2002.

Dreyfuss, Robert.
Devil's Game: How the United States Helped Unleash Fundamentalist Islam
. New York: Henry Holt, 2006.

Gamasy, Mohamed Abdel Ghani el.
The October War: Memoirs of Field Marshal El-Gamasy of Egypt
. Cairo: The American University of Cairo Press, 1993.

Greene, Graham.
Our Man in Havana
. New York: Penguin, 1969.

Harris, Tomás.
Garbo: The Spy Who Saved D-Day
. Tonawanda, NY: Dundurn Press, 2000.

Heikal, Mohamed.
The Road to Ramadan
. New York: Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co., 1975.

.
The Sphinx and the Commissar: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Influence in the Middle East
. New York: Harper & Row, 1978.

.
Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat
. New York: Random House, 1983.

Ingram, Rick E., ed.
The International Encyclopedia of Depression
. New York: Springer, 2009.

Israelyan, Victor.
Inside the Kremlin during the Yom Kippur War
. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995.

Katz, Shmuel.
Soldier Spies: Israeli Military Intelligence
. Novato, CA: Presidio, 1992.

Kipnis, Yigal.
1973: The Road to War
. Charlottesville, VA: Just World Books, 2013.

Kissinger, Henry.
Years of Upheaval
. Boston: Little, Brown, 1982.

Korany, Bahgat, and Ali E. Hillal Dessouki.
The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization
. Cairo: American University of Cairo Press, 2008.

Le Carré, John.
The Secret Pilgrim
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990.

.
The Tailor of Panama
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996.