The Ascent of Man (42 page)

Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679) 127

Homer (
c
.700
BC
) 329;
The Iliad
264

Homo erectus
35–7, 38, 97

Homo sapiens
35, 37, 42, 47–8

Homo transvaalensis
, see
Australopithecus africanus

Hooke, Robert (1635–1703) 173–4, 177, 181, 185

Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton (1817–1911) 232, 234

Horse, as draught animal 65–6;
domestication of 69; in Peru 82; taming, for riding 19, 66, 310; horsemen 68–9, 104

Human specificity 19–20, 26–9, 36–7, 45, 90, 93–4, 304–8, 312–19

Hunter, Walter (1889–1954) 317–8

Huntsman, Benjamin (1704–1776) 101

Huxley, Aldous Leonard (1894–1963) 96

Hydrogen 245–6, 254, 255, 258, 259, 260, 264, 298, 300

Iatrochemistry 110

Iceland 48, 309

Imagination 30, 34, 41, 42, 43–5, 73, 76–7,
256–7, 276–7, 323, 330

Inca Empire 78, 80–2; gold work of 105

India, mathematical systems of 119

Induction 19–20, 56–7, 76, 77, 85, 91–2, 94, 248, 249, 252–4, 256–7; speech as 317

Information, imperfection of 267–85

Inquisition, Rome 151, 156, 160, 162,
163–4; the Council of the Spanish 165

Instruments, scientific, modern 267–72

Iron, use by Amerindians 101; working of for steel-making
102

Ironbridge Gorge, Shropshire 208

Irrigation 62, 80

Isabella I, queen of Castile and Leon (1451–1504) 132

Isfahan, Iran, Friday Mosque 129, 131

Jacobsen, Carlyle F. (1902) 317

Jacquard, Joseph Marie (1792–1834) 201

Janá
č
ek, Leoš (1854–1928) 295

Japanese sword 101–2; water marking on 103

Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826) 114

Jericho Tel, Israel 53, 56–9, 62, 70, 322

Jerusalem, Israel
322

Joliot Curie, Frederic (1900–1958) 281

Joule, James Prescott (1818–1889) 216–17

Kelvin, William Thomson, First Baron (1824–1907) 216

Kenyon, Kathleen Mary (1906) 57

Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630) 141, 150, 169

Ko-Hung (
c
.260–340),
Pao-p’u Tzu
105

Koran, the 132

Kublai Khan (
c
.1215–1294) 70–1,
102

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste (1744–1829) 296

Language 28, 37–8, 101, 195, 227, 285, 316–17;
of numbers 119, 120

Lapps 41–2, 48

Laue, Max von (1879–1960) 272

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743–1794) 114, 115, 116

Law, codes of 63; of constant proportions 117–18; of gravitation 178–80; of nature 119; of planetary motions 144, 169; of Thermodynamics (2nd) 212, 262

Leakey, Louis Seymour Bazett (1903–1972) 33

Leakey, Richard (1937) 34

Lehrman, Daniel Sanford (1919–1972) 314

Leibniz,
Gottfried Wilhelm, Baron von (1646–1716) 91, 142, 173, 177, 184–5

Lemur 31–2, 37

Lever, principle of the 61, 94

Leo X, Pope (Giovanni de’ Medici) (1475–1519) 148

Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) 312;
Mona Lisa
312

Life, origin of 234–5, 295; recognition of 242

Light 138–40, 172–7, 188–96, 268, 269

Lipchitz, Jacques (1891) 91

Lithgow, William (or Linlithgow)
(1582–1645),
The Totall Discourse
of the Rare Adventures and Painfull Peregrinations of Long Nineteene Yeares
165

Littlewood, John Edensor (1885) 193

Longitude, calculation of 183

Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias (1903) 310

Louis XVI, king of France (1754–1793) 203, 204

Luther, Martin (1488–1546) 112, 155

Lyell, Sir Charles (1797–1875)

Principles of Geology 232, 233, 234

Mach, Ernst (1838–1916) 265

Machu Picchu, Inca city of,
Peru 21, 78–82, 314

Magdalenian hunting cultures 39

Mahomet (570–632) 129–30;
see also
Koran, the

Maize, cultivation of in New World 76, 80

Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834),
Essay on Human Population
231, 233

Mann, Thomas (1875–1955) 279

Marc, Franz (1880–1916),
Deer in a Forest
252

Marie Antoinette, queen of France (1755–1793) 201

Marini, Marino (1901) 91

Marsh gas (methane) 116, 118,
239

Marx, Karl Heinrich (1818–1883),
The Communist Party Manifesto
287

Masamune (
c
.1264–
c
.1343), Japanese swordsmith 102

Masons, work of 87–90, 188, 203–4, 208

Mathematics, history of 28, 85, 87, 88, 119–42, 143–4, 169–72, 178, 275–81

Matter, structure of 95–6, 125; interception of by light 172–3, 189–91, 267–85

Maxwell, James Clerk (1831–1879) 268

Mayans 119, 143–4, 150; as astronomers
21

Mecca, Hejaz, Saudi Arabia 129, 130, 275

Mendel, Gregor Johann (1822–1884) 56, 287–96, 300, 301;
Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden
292

Mendeleev, Dmitri Ivanovich (1834–1907) 244–50, 252, 255, 256, 260, 264

Mercury, sublimation of 109–10; chemistry of 96; in Ancient China 96; in Lavoisier’s experiment 115–16

Metals, alloys of 21; early use of 51, 57, 96, 98, 101

Metternich, Prince Klemens
Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar von (1773–1859) 288

Metzinger, Jean (1883–1956),
Woman on a Horse
252

Michelangelo, Buonarroti (1475–1564),
Brutus
91, 157;
Sistine Chapel Frescoes
257; Sonnets 91, 95

Michelson, Albert Abraham (1852–1931) 188

Miller, Stanley (1930)

Milton, John (1608–1674),
Paradise Lost
73; Samson Agonistes 168

Mongol Empire 49, 66, 69, 70; invasion of Japan 102, 109–10; shock tactics
of 68

Monod, Jacques Lucien (1910),
Chance and Necessity
300–1

Moon 128, 148, 154, 160, 171–2, 177, 178–9, 185, 209, 213, 214, 216, 296

Moore, Henry (1898) 91;
Knife-edge- Two-piece
93

More, Sir Thomas (1478–1535) 319, 321–2;
Utopia
322

Morley, Edward Williams (1833–1923) 188

Moseley, Henry Gwyn Jeffreys (1887–1915) 255

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756–1791) 203–4, 319;
The Magic Flute
203;
The Marriage of Figaro
201–4

Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945) 258, 319

Nägeli, Karl Wilhelm von (1817–1891) 292–3

Napoleon I (Bonaparte) (1769–1821) 203

Napoleon III, emperor of France (1808–1873) 236

Navigation 146, 172, 183, 185–7, 199

Neanderthal man 35, 37, 38

Neumann, John von (1903–1957) 323–7;
Theory of Games and Economic Behaviour
324–5;
The Computer and the Brain
325

Neutron 257–8,
265, 281

Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727) 142, 168, 169–87, 192, 196, 197, 198, 251, 253, 254, 310, 329; and Calculus 142, 171, 178; at Cambridge 171, 172, 177–8; at the Mint 181; at Woolsthorpe 170, 171, 178–9; occult, interest in 180; work on
Opticks
172–7; work on the
Principia
178

Nicholas II, tsar of Russia (1868–1918) 250

Nomadic way of life 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 63, 65, 66, 69, 127

Numerals,
evolution of modern system 130–1, 137

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee 257–8, 264

Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania 27–8

Oljeitu Khan (r.1304–1316) 70–1

Omo Valley, Ethiopia 22–6, 329

Orgel, Leslie Eleazer (1927) 240

Ostwald, Wilhelm (1853–1932) 265

Oxygen, discovery of 114–16; in air 114; in blood 29; in DNA 298; in primitive atmosphere 239; in universe 260; oxides of mercury 96; phlogiston
theory 113, 115–16

Paestum, Southern Italy 82–3, 86

Paine, Thomas (1737–1809) 207;
The Rights of Man
207

Paracelsus, Aureolus Philippus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheirn (1493–1541) 95, 110–14, 243–4

Pascal, Blaise (1623–1662) 319

Pasteur, Louis (1822–1895) 236–8

Paul III, Pope (1468–1549) 160

Pauling, Linus (1901) 298–9

Peking man,
see Homo erectus

Pepys, Samuel (1633–1703) 178

Perspective studies 138–40, 148

Physics, history of 87–8, 97, 128–9, 169–96, 243–85, 310, 436

Picasso, Pablo (1881–1973), Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler 251

Pizarro, Francisco (
c
.1470–1541) 82

Plague, The 171, 172, 177, 211

Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig (1858–1947) 253, 265, 278

Planets, paths of 121, 128, 129, 147, 148, 149–50, 154, 160, 169, 188, 253, 264,
272–3, 274

Plasma-physics 264

Plato (428–348
BC
) 319

Plough, invention of 61–2, 65

Polycrates (d.
c
.522
BC
) 120

Pope, Alexander (1688–1744),
Lines written in Windsor-Forest
176–7

Priestley, Joseph (1733–1804) 113–15, 208

Proconsul africanus
, also known as
Dryopithecus africanus
33, 37

Protein structure 78, 238, 239, 263, 300, 301, 302; adenine in 240, 241, 298, 299; evolution of 240; in
haemoglobin 235; in myoglobin 238;
see also
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ptolemy, Claudius (2nd century
AD
) 128, 137, 147, 150, 158, 159;
Almagest
137

Pueblo tribes, Arizona 75–8

Pyramids 89, 101, 123, 264

Pythagoras (
c
.570–500
BC
) 83, 120–7, 133–4, 142, 171, 180; Theorem 120–6, 134, 256

Qanats, Khuzistan 62–3

Quipu
81

Ramapithecus punjabicus
33

Raphael, Santi (1483–1520) 319

Reformation,
the, and Counter-Reformation 112, 155–6, 169–70

Renaissance 137–40, 150, 157–8, 216; moves to Northern Europe 170, 319, 320

Revolutions, Industrial 197–217; scientific 167–8, 169–70; 17thcentury 169–71; 18th-century 113–15, 197–208; 19th-century 287

Rheims Cathedral, France 86–9

Rift Valley, East Africa 22, 23, 59

Rodia, Simon (1879–1965) 94;
The Watts Towers
94

Röntgen, Wilhelm Konrad (1843–1923)
251, 270

Rome, Ancient, culture and architecture of 85, 86, 87, 104, 124, 208, 326, 328

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882–1945) 281–4

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–1778) 319

Rudolf, Lake, Kenya, Ethiopia 22, 27

Ruskin, John (1819–1900),
The Stones of Venice
86

Russell, Bertrand (1872–1970) 193

Rutherford, Ernest, First Baron (1871–1937) 252–3, 255, 264, 281

Salk Institute for Biological
Studies, San Diego, California 279, 280, 284, 300

Schelling, Friederich Wilhelm Joseph von (1775–1854),
Naturphilosophie
213

Schrödinger, Erwin (1887–1961) 276, 279

Scientific societies: Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg 250; Accademia Cimento, Rome 151; British Association for the Advancement of Science 281; Linnean Society, London 234; Lunar Society of Birmingham 209–11; Manchester Literary
and Philosophical Society 116–18; Natural History Society, Brno 292; Royal Society of London 174, 176, 178, 181, 182, 193, 198, 206, 209, 310

Selkirk, Alexander (1676–1721) 146

Seurat, Georges (1859–1891),
Young Woman with a Powder Puff, Le Bec
252

Shakespeare, William (1564–1616) 151, 176;
Hamlet
318–19;
King Lear
274;
Othello
151;
The Merchant of Venice
151;
The Tempest
120

Skinner, Burrhus
Frederic (1904) 310

Socrates (470–399
BC
) 321, 322

Sophocles (
c
.496–406
BC
),
Electra
149

Space, measurement of 119, 136, 139–42, 184, 185, 195

Spectrum, of information 267–77; of light 173, 190–1; of organic molecules in stars 242; the atomic 253–6

Stalin, Joseph (1879–1953) 69

Statistical analysis 262, 273–4

Steel-making 101–4

Stone, form in 91, 268; in architecture 78; Inca 78–80

Stratified
Stability, Theory of 260–4

Sulphur 107, 108, 109, 116, 246, 260; sulphides of mercury 107, 109

Sultaniyeh, Persia 69, 71, 314

Sumerian civilisation 62, 80, 119, 123, 124, 143, 326, 328 Sun 173, 187, 260, 264

Sutton Hoo Burial 93

Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745) 322;
Gulliver’s Travels
182, 206, 276

Symmetry, studies of 124, 125, 133–6

Szilard, Leo (1889–1964) 193, 279–85

Taung skull 26–8, 34,
312, 317

Teeth, human, evolution of 26, 33, 36

Telescope 44, 45, 152–5, 161, 172, 185

Telford, Thomas (1757–1834),

Llangollen Aqueduct 208

Thomson, Sir Joseph John (1856–1940) 250, 252, 264

Tile patterns, symmetries of 124, 133–4

Time, measurement of 139–42, 143, 170, 184, 185, 187, 195

Tolerance, Principle of 272–9

Tools 21–2, 26, 34–9, 53, 76–7, 88, 92–3, 94, 123, 307

Topi 25

Topolski,
Feliks (1907) 267

Toscanini, Arturo (1867–1957) 279 Trajan, Marcus Ulpius, emperor of Rome (98–117) 85 Transhumance 39–42, 49

Trevithick, Richard (1771–1833) 214

Trismegistus, Hermes 149

Uccello, Paolo (
c
.1396–1475), Perspective analysis 140

Uncertainty, Principle of 272–9

Unfer, Franz (1800–1870) 290

Urban VIII, Pope, Maffeo Barberini (1568–1644) 157–67

Ussher, James, Archbishop of Armagh
(1581–1656) 259

Vatican, the 138, 156, 157, 158;

Secret Archives 156, 164;
see also
Codex 1181

Venetian Republic 151–5

Vesalius, Andreas (1514–1564),
De Humani Corporis Fabrica
112

Victoria, queen of England (1819–1901) 221

Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823–1913) 219–35, 238, 241; early life 222–3;

Wallace line, Australasia 227, 232;
Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro
224–31;
On the law which has regulated the Introduction of new species
232

Walter, Bruno (1876–1952) 279

War games and strategy 66–70, 155, 202, 284