The Beauty Myth (53 page)

Sex Discrimination Act of, 28

sex discrimination in, 11, 39–41

sex in, 141–142, 147, 159

sexual harassment in, 41, 43, 52, 300
n

working women in, 21, 22–23, 26, 39–41, 43, 49, 52, 53

Greer, Germaine, 12, 69, 150, 154, 291

Griffin, Susan, 162

Griswold
v.
Connecticut
, 219

Grove, Dr., 110

Guardian
(London), 80, 268, 289

guilt, 9, 16, 43, 65, 137

food, eating and, 186, 187, 195

PBQ and, 29–30

Rites of Beauty and, 96, 97, 121

sex and, 131

Gutek, Barbara A., 46, 301
n

Hahn, Jessica, 246

hairdos, 40

hairdressers, 49

Hamill, Pete, 69

Hamilton, David, 134

Hardy, Thomas, 61

Hariton, E., 141

Harper’s
, 78

Harper’s and Queen
, 133, 233, 307
n

Harper’s Bazaar
, 82

Harris, Marvin, 26

Harris Poll, 160

Hartmann, Heidi, 24

health, 222–227

body image and, 229–232

institutionalized reclassification of, 227–229

in men vs. women, 230

Hefner, Hugh, 32, 148

Helena Rubinstein Foundation, 138–139

Hellenistic Rome, 190

Hemingway, Mariel, 246

Herman, C. P., 187–188

Herman, Stephen, 266

heroines, 59–61, 67

Herstein, Morris, 109–110, 112

Hess, Elizabeth, 143

Hevn, Dalma, 82–83

Hewlett, Sylvia Ann, 209

Hippocratic Oath, 236, 327
n

Hite, Shere, 146, 150

Hite Report on Female Sexuality
(Hite), 118

Hochschild, Arlie, 24, 50

Holland, TV in, 80

Hollander, Ann, 184, 188

Holy Anorexia
(Bell), 189

homosexuality, 168, 289

Hopkins, Ms., 39

Hopkins
vs.
Price-Waterhouse
, 39

hormones, 192

Housewife
(Oakley), 64

housework, housewives, 23–24, 62–66

cult of domesticity and, 15–16

work ratios and, 23, 24

Hoyt, Michael, 78

Hudson, Gil, 282

Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, 23

Hungary, 80

hunger, 179–217, 316
n
–320
n

eroticizing of, 215

great weight shift and, 184–189

mental effects of, 199–200

One Stone Solution and, 186, 188

see also
anorexics, anorexia; bulimia

Hungry Self, The
(Chernin), 182, 188

Hutchinson, Marcia Germaine, 150

hysteria, 198, 221, 224

Ibsen, Henrik, 17, 295
n

identity, 10, 14, 55–56

cosmetic surgery and, 258–259

Rites of Beauty and, 100–101

Illness as Metaphor
(Sontag), 220

image, equality of, 44

images of women:

in art, 184

beauty myth and, 9–11, 14–19, 50

Bunny, 32–33, 298
n

as feminists, 18–19, 68–69, 208–209

in magazines, 76–77

sex and, 151–152

technology and, 14, 15

In a Different Voice
(Gilligan), 90

incest, 161, 220

income:

beauty maintenance expenses and, 52–53

calories and, 197

dominant female roles and, 50

of men vs. women, 49, 53, 115–116

income discrimination, 52–53, 302
n

Independent
(London), 238

Independent Guide to Cosmetic Surgery
, 238, 324
n
–325
n

India:

food in, 190, 193

TV in, 80

individualism, male vs female, 58

Indonesia, 117

Industrial Revolution:

beauty before, 14

beauty myth and, 10, 14–15, 20, 91

women’s work before, 23

infanticide, female, 190

invalidism, female, 220, 221–222, 224

Ireland, 138

Ireland, Patricia, 25

Iron Maiden, 17–18, 51, 73, 78, 135, 228

beauty myth and, 278–280

freeing of, 266–269

hunger and, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 192, 195, 196, 198

sex and, 155, 159, 175–177

isolation, 56, 58, 210, 283

Rites of Beauty and, 89

women’s magazines and, 74, 75

Israel, incest in, 161

Italy:

eating disorders in, 183

food in, 191

housework in, 24

pornography in, 79

Jacobi, Mary Putnam, 233

Jacobs, Gloria, 143

Janowitz, Tama, 168

Japan, eating disorders in, 183

jaw clamps, 261

Jeremiah
v.
Ministry of Defense
, 40

Jews, food and, 191, 195

job discrimination, 11, 21

John Lewis Partnership stores, 41–42

Johnson, Virginia E., 138

Joyce, James, 61

Judaism, Rites of Beauty and, 89, 97

Judeo-Christian tradition, 92–95, 97

antiwoman bias of, 92

Kant, Immanuel, 235

Kaplan, Helen, 146–147

“Kathryn,” 209

Keats, John, 174

Kenya:

clitoridectomy in, 244

work in, 24

Kinsey, Alfred, 131, 146, 160, 161, 311
n

Kligman, Albert, 111–112

Kohlenberg, Stanley, 112

Krafka, Carol, 141

labor, in childbirth, 218–219, 255

labor unions, 49, 52, 56, 276

Ladies’ Home Journal
, 70, 71

Lakoff, Robin, 213

Lane, James Henry, 68

Lapham, Lewis, 78

Lasch, Christopher, 130

law:

appearance standards and, 32–34

PBQ and, 36–48

sex and, 141–142

lawyers, 25, 49, 54–55

Lear’s
, 252

Lecture on Art
(Wilde), 93

Less Than Zero
(Ellis), 168

Levin, Jennifer, 167

Levitt, Suzanne, 48–49, 254

Lewis, Bud, 160

Lewis, Herschel Gordon, 79–80

Life
, 70–71

Life and Loves of a She-Devil, The
(Weldon), 245

Lifton, Robert Jay, 195, 236, 265–266

light, Rites of Beauty and, 103–106

Li’l Miss Makeup, 215

“liminal phase,” 100–101

liposuction, 236–237, 261–264

literacy, 14, 15

Liu, Aimee, 185

Livermore, Mary, 233

Los Angeles Times
, 160

love, 133, 140, 142–146

self-image and, 168–173

“love bombing,” 127

Love Me Tender
(Texier), 168

Love, Sex and War
(Costello), 62–63

Loyola University, Sexual Dysfunction Clinic of, 193

Lust
(Minot), 168

MacArthur, John R., 78

McDermott, Catherine, 33, 298
n

MacKinnon, Catharine A., 50, 57, 137, 300
n
, 302
n

McKnight, Gerald, 109, 112, 120, 250, 324
n
–325
n

“Magazine Crisis” (Hoyt), 78

magazines, women’s, 29, 61–85

as businesses, 77–78

visual competition and, 78–79

World Wars and, 62–64

Mahler, Vanessa, 190

Mailer, Norman, 69

makeup,
see
cosmetics, cosmetic industry

Malamuth, Neil, 165

male-female relationship, 14, 16–17, 58

breast surgery and, 247

television journalism and, 34

women’s self-image and, 168–173

Mamanova, Tatiana, 80

managers, 25

Man Made Language
(Spender), 106

Mansfield Park
(Austen), 60

Marks, Ronald, 113

marriage, 14, 20, 50, 115, 129, 146

labor market compared with, 21

sex outside, 150–151

Martineau, Harriet, 92

masochism, hunger and, 215

see also
sadomasochism, beauty

Masters, William H., 138

masturbation, 146, 147, 155, 156, 245–246

Maureen Murphy and Eileen Davidson
v.
Stakis Leisures, Ltd
., 40

medicine, 220–234

ethics and, 234–239, 248–249

health and, 222–232

institutionalized reclassification and, 227–229

profit and, 232–234

sexual surgery and, 241–249

Meehan, Vivian, 215

memento mori
, 102–103

men:

aging of, 93–94

appearance of, 34, 35, 43–46, 48–49

beauty of, 13, 295
n

earnings of, 49

eating diseases among, 178–180, 289

general culture and, 70–71

health of, 230

housework of, 23–24

meritocracy and, 25

overweight, 186

respect for, 26

sexuality of, 248–249, 273

in television journalism, 34, 35, 48

undoing beauty myth in interest of, 287–289

menopause, Victorian view of, 222, 223, 225

menstruation, 97, 222–223

mental illness, 99, 229–230, 246, 322
n

meritocracy, 24–25, 29–30

Meritor Savings Bank, 38

Metromedia Inc., suit against, 35–37

Mexico, divorce in, 117

Michael Reese Hospital, 192

Michaels, Daniel L., 112

Michelet, Jules, 221

Middlemarch
(Eliot), 60

Miles, Rosalind, 22, 49, 97, 109, 131, 153

Milgram Experiment, 249–250

Miller
v.
Bank of America
, 37–38

mind, hunger and, 199–200

Minnesota, University of, 193–194

Minot, Susan, 168

Miss America pageant, 68, 185, 267

models, 31, 39, 41, 44, 50

plastic surgery of, 266–267

weight of, 184–185, 192

Moi, Daniel Arap, 244

Molloy, John, 43–45

money, beauty as, 21, 30

monogamy, female, 13

Monuments and Maidens
(Warner), 58

More Than Just a Pretty Face
(Rees), 95

Morgan, Elaine, 13

Morgan, Elizabeth, 161

Morocco, food in, 190

Ms
., 33, 81, 165–166, 252

M. Schmidt
v.
Austicks Bookshops, Ltd
., 39–40

MTV, 163–164

Murkovsky, Charles A., 182

My Secret Garden
(Friday), 149

National Airlines, 33

National Council for Civil Liberties, 52

National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), 139

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 160, 165

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 187

National Organization for Women (NOW), 31, 33

National Women’s Business Enterprise Policy, 33

natural selection, 12–13

Naude, Beyers, 259

Nazi Doctors, The
(Lifton), 236

Nazis, 195, 207, 265

Negoda, Natalya, 80

Neimark, Jill, 263–264

Netherlands, 117, 125, 183

German occupation of, 194–195

sexual abuse in, 159

Never Too Thin
(Seid), 182

Newcastle, Duchess of, 23, 296
n

New England Journal of Medicine
, 193

Newsweek
, 31, 238

Newton, Helmut, 134

New Woman
, 77, 98

New York Academy of Art, 95

New York City Transit Authority, 139

New York State Human Rights Appeals Board, 32–33

New York Times
, 68–69, 95, 112, 118, 120, 136, 137, 182, 211, 215, 227, 229, 238, 261

advertising in, 233, 234

New York Times Magazine
, 44

New York Woman
, 52, 81

North Africa, food in, 190

Northanger Abbey
(Austen), 60

nudity, 280, 288

male vs. female, 139

numbness, pain and, 249–254

Nuremberg Code, 236, 237, 238, 323
n
–324
n

nursing, 226–227

Oakley, Ann, 23, 64, 227

obedience, weight obsession and, 187, 197

obesity, demographics of, 94–95

obscenity, 138–139, 162–163

Observer
(London), 133

Obsession, The
(Chernin), 96, 188

Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970), 258

O’Connor, Sinead, 168

Official Breast, 247–248

One Stone Solution, 186, 188

Ontario Police Project P, 139

Orbach, Susie, 188, 191, 198, 208, 318
n

orgasm, 131–132, 135, 146–147, 200, 244

Orificial Surgery Society, 246

original sin, 95–96

Other Woman, 287

ovaries:

removal of, 245–246

Victorian views on, 222, 227, 245–246

pain, 218–220, 243, 249–257

numbness and, 249–254

Pakistan:

food in, 190

housewives in, 23

PBQ,
see
professional beauty qualification

penis, 138, 139, 153, 242–243

Penthouse
, 79, 139

perfection, 93, 134–135

photographs, 82–83, 105

Picasso, Pablo, 174

Piercy, Marge, 77

pinups, 52, 68

plastic surgery, 234, 256, 266–267

Plath, Sylvia, 250

Playboy
, 79, 80, 134, 135, 138, 149, 246

playfulness, 290

politics:

of beauty myth, 10–11, 16–17, 21

love and, 145

of weight loss, 187–188

Polivy, J., 187–188

polygamy, male, 13

Pomeroy, Sarah B., 190

pornography, 10, 17, 51–52, 79–80, 140–142, 147–149, 246, 305
n
–306
n

Cavett’s story about, 212–213

see also
beauty pornography

Pornography and the Sex Crisis
(Cole), 138

Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
(Joyce), 61

Positively Beautiful
, 100

posttraumatic stress syndrome, 166

poverty, of elderly women, 54

power structure, power: