The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations That Transform the World (83 page)

Locke, John
4
,
134

Loebner, Hugh (Prize)
150
–
51

logical positivism
313
,
314
,
325

Lovelace, Ada, Countess of
136
,
137
,
148

‘Lady Lovelace’s objection’
138

low-level phenomena
109
–
10
,
111
,
138

Mach, Ernst
312
,
324

Mach, Ludwig
312

Mach–Zehnder interferometers
286
–
7
,
296
–
7
,
305
,
309
,
312

Machiavelli, Niccolò
219

magic
16
,
19
–
21
,
53
–
4
,
81
,
82
,
173
,
242
,
301

wizards
260

see also
conjuring tricks

Malthus, Thomas
201
,
205
–
7
,
421
,
435
,
436

Malthusian prophetic fallacy
206
,
214
,
432

Marx, Karl
371
,
426
,
428
,
430
,
442

mathematical proof
see
proof

mathematical truth
see
truth

mating
90
,
91
,
144
,
359
,
360
,
362
,
400
,
401
,
402
,
413
,
415

matter
14
,
16
,
40
,
45
–
6
,
61
–
2
,
66
,
68
–
9
,
74
,
75
,
85
,
97
,
134
,
203
,
290
–
91
,
305

dark
36
,
46
,
67

ordinary
45
–
6

prominent
73

Maxwell, James Clerk
255

measure theory for infinite sets
102
,
178
–
83
,
277
–
8
,
281
,
283
,
287
,
303
,
453
,
458

for histories
301
,
303
,
307
,
454
,
455

measurement
11
,
35
,
62
,
68
,
72
,
99
,
108
,
158
,
183
,
274
,
299
,
309
,
316
,
338
,
340
,
357
,
443

errors
140
–
42
,
298
,
321
–
3
;
see also
fallibility
;
fooling ourselves

see also
proxies

measuring instruments
18
,
34
–
41
,
179
,
192
,
269
,
294
–
5
,
308
,
446

human sensory systems as
40

SETI
72
–
3

see also
microscopes
;
telescopes

Medawar, Peter
193

Medici, Lorenzo de’
218
,
429

Medici family
218
–
20

Mediocrity, Principle of
43
–
4
,
45
,
51
–
4
,
64
,
76
,
101
,
110
,
166
,
434

memes
93
,
94
–
5
,
105
,
369
–
72

in animals
see
aping
;
parroting

anti-rational
81
,
381
,
385
,
388
–
90
,
391
–
3
,
394–
396
,
397
,
413
,
428
,
457

compared with viruses
384

creativity and in meme replication
402
–
15
,
416

evolution of
372
–
8
,
383
,
390
,
393
,
400
,
412
–
13

faithful replication of
257
,
370
,
374
,
377
,
378
–
80
,
382
–
4
,
390
,
405
,
413

generations of
376
,
379

and genes
372
–
97
,
404
,
405
,
407
,
408
,
413
,
414

living with
394
–
6

long-lived
222
,
370
,
377
,
380
,
382
–
3
,
384
,
387
,
388
,
394
,
399

memeplexes
93
,
105
,
374
,
384

mutual enhancement of creativity and meme transmission
400

in pre-humans and early humans
50
,
55
,
72
,
207
,
399
,
412
–
13
,
414

puzzle of how they can possibly be replicated
402
–
10

rational
388
–
90
,
392
,
393
,
396
,
397

‘selfish’
378
–
9
,
387

slavery to
130
,
383
,
384
,
392

Messenians
218

Michelangelo
219

Michelson, Albert
198
–
9
,
445
–
6

micro-organisms
82
,
196
,
425
,
436

bacteria
82
,
145
,
162
,
436

microprocessors
see
computers/computation

microscopes
34
,
37
,
38
,
39
,
220
,
312
,
324
,
355

microwave background radiation
46
,
47
,
68

Milky Way
1
,
2
,
47
,
70
–
71
,
101
,
202
–
3

Mills, Roger Q.
333
,
334

mind–body problem
117
–
22
,
130

minds, animal
320
–
21

see also
memes, in animals

mirages
228
,
229
,
231

mirror neurons
405
–
6
,
408
,
414

mirrors, semi-silvered
286
–
7

momentum
55
,
273
–
4
,
297

moon
24
,
55
,
57
–
8
,
61
–
3
,
66
,
67
,
68
,
74
,
143
,
215
,
366
,
373

morality
see
moral philosophy

moral philosophy
vii
,
51
,
64
,
120
–
2
,
123
,
211
,
235
,
240
,
254
,
371
,
388
,
405
,
428
,
441
,
455
,
459

and ‘a dream of Socrates’
229
–
32
,
234
–
5

moral education
230
–
31

moral imperative
235

moral knowledge
63
,
229
–
31
,
240
,
254

more-preferred-less-seats paradox
339

Morley, Edward
199

motion, quantum-mechanical
see
quantum theory

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
353
,
354
,
356

multiple universes
3
,
198
,
254
,
258
–
303
,
303
–
4
,
305
–
6

and the Bohm theory
310

close to common sense
266
,
299

fictional variations on the doppelganger idea
258
–
62
,
270

first proposed by Schrödinger
310

Everett
310

inter-universe communication
258
,
262
,
270
–
72
,
276

Lyra multiverse thought experiment
179
–
80
,
181

account of the theory
262
–
92

‘parallel’ universes
98
,
98
n,
198
,
258
,
261
–
270
,
291
,
293
,
303
,
452

multiverse
3
,
98
n,
180
,
194
,
258
–
304
,
305
,
307
,
452
n,
460
,
461

other than those of the quantum multiverse
98
–
106
,
98
n,
177
–
183
,
195
,
450
–
52
,
452
n

probability, prediction and
99
–
103
,
177
–
80
,
195
,
276
–
8

and the quantum suicide argument
453

see also
histories

music
93
,
136
,
353
,
354
,
355
–
6
,
357
,
365
–
6
,
369

banning of
219

notation
142

mutations
78
,
79
,
89
,
90
,
96
,
156
,
162
,
375
,
399

simulated
162

myths
12
,
15
,
19
–
21
,
22
,
24
,
25
,
26
,
30
,
32
,
54
,
60
,
228
,
314

of a Golden Age
52
,
63

Nagel, Thomas
367

nanotechnology
144
,
196

narratives
314

natural numbers
118
,
123
,
165
,
167
,
169
–
70
,
171
,
172
,
176
,
177
,
184
,
194
,
195

natural selection
52
,
56
,
58
,
78
,
87
,
89
,
91
–
2
,
160
,
210
,
372

see also
sexual selection

nature, laws of
vii
,
5
,
7
,
18
,
43
,
56
,
59
,
66
,
69
,
75
,
76
,
94
,
103
,
106
,
111
,
113
,
164
,
175
,
179
,
188
,
205
,
220
,
358
,
411
,
413
,
444
,
445

Bohr’s
308

constants
62
,
97
–
104
,
106
,
179
,
199
,
294
,
452
–
3
;
see also
fine-tuning of the universe/laws of physics

Lamarck’s
88

no barrier to progress
212
,
413
,
423
,
445

regularities in
16
,
56
–
7
,
69
,
94
,
98
,
111
,
183
,
355
,
361
,
411

see also
physics: laws of

Nazism
205
,
371

Neanderthals
49
,
206

necessary truths
183

nectar
360
,
361

neo-Darwinism
79
,
89
–
92
,
95
,
103
,
104
–
5
,
374
,
446

and knowledge
93
–
6