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Authors: Richard J. Evans

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6
Wulf,
Musik,
28, reprinting Philharmonische Gesellschaft in Hamburg to Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur, Gruppe Berlin, 6 April 1933.

7
Levi,
Music,
39-41, 86, 107; see more generally Reinhold Brinkmann and Christoph Wolff (eds.),
Driven into Paradise: The Musical Migration from Germany to the United States
(Berkeley, 1999).

8
Kater,
The Twisted Muse,
89-91, 120; see also Michael Meyer,
The Politics of Music in the Third Reich
(New York, 1991),19-26.

9
David Welch,
The Third Reich: Politics and Propaganda
(2nd edn., London, 2002 [1993]), 172-82, at 173-4.

10
Minuth (ed.),
Die Regierung
Hitler, I. 193-5. See Wolfram Werner, ‘Zur Geschichte des Reichsministeriums für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda und zur Überlieferung’, in idem (ed.),
Findbücher zu Beständen des Bundesarchivs,
XV:
Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda
(Koblenz, 1979).

11
For the widespread view that Goebbels was a ‘socialist’, see for example Jochmann (ed.),
Nationalsozialismus und Revolution,
407-8.

12
Speech of 15 March 1933, quoted in Welch,
The Third Reich,
174-5; for discussions in 1932, see Frohlich (ed.),
Die Tagebücher,
I/II. 113-14 and 393 (15 March 1933).

13
Frohlich, ‘Joseph Goebbels’, in Smelser and Zitelmann (eds.),
The Nazi Elite,
55.

14
Völkischer Beobachter,
23 March 1933, cited and translated in Welch,
The
Third Reich, 22-3.

15
Quoted in Reuth,
Goebbels,
269.

16
Quoted in Welch,
The Third Reich,
175.

17
Quoted ibid., 176.

18
Reuth,
Goebbels,
271; Frohlich (ed.),
Die Tagebücher,
I/II. 388 (6 March 1933), 393 (13 March 1933) and 395-7 (22 March 1933); Ansgar Diller,
Rundfunkpolitik im Dritten Reich
(Munich, 1980), 89; Zbynek A.B. Zeman,
Nazi Propaganda
(2nd edn., Oxford, 1973 [1964]), 40. For the structure of the Ministry, see Welch,
The Third Reich,
29-31.

19
West,
The Visual Arts,
183-4, also for the quotations.

20
Levi,
Music,
246 n.5.

21
Fred K. Prieberg,
Trial of Strength: Wilhelm Furtwängler and the Third Reich
(London, 1991), 166-9, citing published and unpublished correspondence and memoranda. For Furtwängler’s views on a variety of topics, see Michael Tanner (ed.),
Wilhelm Furtwängler, Notebooks 1924-1945
(London, 1989).

22
For Furtwängler’s life and opinions in general, see Prieberg,
Trial of Strength, passim;
for reservations about this book, see Evans,
Rereading,
187-93.

23
The exchange is reprinted in Wulf,
Musik,
81-2. Max Reinhardt was a well-known theatre director.

24
Levi, Music, 199-201.

25
Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger,
11 April 1933, reprinted in Wulf,
Musik,
82-3.

26
Levi,
Music,
198-202; Peter Cossé, ‘Die Geschichte’, in Paul Badde
et al.
(eds.),
Das Berliner Philharmonische Orchester
(Stuttgart, 1987), 10-17.

27
Kater,
Different Drummers,
29-33.

28
Ibid., 47-110.

29
Jelavich,
Berlin Cabaret,
228-258; ‘Hermann’ is on 229.

30
Volker Kühn (ed.),
Deutschlands Erwachen: Kabarett unterm Hakenkreuz 1933-1945
(Weinheim, 1989), 335; see, more generally, Christian Goeschel, ‘Methodische Überlegungen zur Geschichte der Selbsttötung im Nationalsozialismus‘, in Hans Medick (ed.),
Selbsttötung als kulturelle Praxis
(forthcoming, 2004).

31
Josef Wulf,
Theater und Film im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation
(Gütersloh, 1964), 265-306.

32
David Thomson,
The New Biographical Dictionary of Film
(4th edn., 2002 [1975]). Claims in some accounts of Dietrich’s life, including her own, that she left for political reasons, and that Hitler personally intervened to try and persuade her to return, should be treated with considerable scepticism.

33
David Welch, ‘Propaganda and the German Cinema 1933-1945’ (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, London University, 1979), appendix I.

34
Birgit Bernard, “Gleichschaltung” im Westdeutschen Rundfunk 1933/34’, in Dieter Breuer and Gertrude Cepl-Kaufmann (eds.), Moderne
und Nationalsozialismus im Rheinland
(Paderborn, 1997), 301-10; Jochen Klepper,
Unter dem Schatten deiner Fliigel: Aus den Tagebüchern der Jahre
1932-1942 (Stuttgart, 1956), 46. 65; Josef Wulf,
Presse und Funk im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation
(Gütersloh, 1964), 277-9, 280-84.

35
Fulda, ‘Press and Politics’, 231-3, 241-2.

36
Welch,
The Third Reich,
46; text of the law in Wulf,
Presse und Funk,
72-3.

37
Ibid., 19-38.

38
Welch, The
Third Reich,
43-8.

39
Grossmann,
Ossietzky,
224-74.

40
Ibid., 267; Chris Hirte,
Erich Mühsam: ‘Ihr seht mich nicht feige’. Biografie
(Berlin, 1985), 431-50. Accounts differ as to whether this was murder or suicide; the former seems more likely.

41
Dieter Distl,
Ernst Toller: Eine politische Biographie
(Schrobenhausen, 1993), 146-78.

42
Kelly,
All Quiet,
39-56.

43
Inge Jens (ed.),
Thomas Mann an Ernst Bertram: Briefe aus den Jahren
1910-
1955
(Pfullingen, 1960), 178 (letter of 18 November 1933) and Robert Faesi (ed.), Thomas
Mann—Robert Faesi: Briefwechsel
(Zurich, 1962), 23 (Mann to Faesi, 28 June 1933); Klaus Harpprecht,
Thomas Mann: Eine Biographie
(Reinbek, 1995), 707-50; Kurt Sontheimer, ‘Thomas Mann als politischer Schriftsteller’,
VfZ
6 (1958), 1-44; Josef Wulf,
Literatur und Dichtung im Dritten Reich : Eine Dokumentation
(Gütersloh, 1963), 24.

44
Ritchie,
German Literature,
187-99; Wulf,
Literatur, passim.

45
Robert E. Norton,
Secret Germany: Stefan George and his Circle
(Ithaca, NY, 2002) is now the standard biography. For Jünger, see Paul Noack,
Ernst Junger: Eine Biographie
(Berlin, 1998), 121-51.

46
Quoted in Wulf,
Literatur,
132; see also
Ritchie, German Literature,
9-10, 48-9, 111-32.

47
Frederic Spotts,
Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics
(London, 2002), 152; quotations and context in West,
The Visual Arts,
183-4; Hitler,
Mein Kampf, 23
5.

48
Rosamunde Neugebauer, “Christus mit der Gasmaske” von George Grosz, oder: Wieviel Satire konnten Kirche und Staat in Deutschland um 1930 ertragen?‘, in Maria Rüger (ed.),
Kunst und Kunstkritik
der dreissiger
Jahre :
Standpunkte zu
künstlerischen und ästhetischen Prozessen und Kontroversen
(Dresden, 1990), 156-65.

49
Josef Wulf,
Die Bildenden Künste im Dritten Reich: Eine Dokumentation
(Gütersloh, 1963), 49-51.

50
Peter Adam, Arts
of the Third Reich
(London, 1992), 59.

51
Jonathan Petropoulos,
The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany
(London, 2000), 217. See also Brandon Taylor and Wilfried van der Will (eds.),
The Nazification of Art: Art, Design, Music, Architecture and Film in the Third Reich
(Winchester, 1990).

52
Spotts,
Hitler,
153-5.

53
Petropoulos,
The Faustian Bargain,
14-16.

54
Adam,
Arts,
49-50; Wulf,
Die Bildenden Künste,
36; Günter Busch,
Max Liebermann: Maler, Zeichner, Graphiker
(Frankfurt am Main, 1986), 146; Peter Paret,
An Artist against the Third Reich: Ernst Barlach 1933-1938
(Cambridge, 2003), 77-92. Liebermann’s funeral was placed under heavy surveillance by the political police (Petropoulos,
The Faustian Bargain,
217).

55
Sean Rainbird (ed.),
Max Beckmann
(London, 2003), 157-64, 273-4; Adam,
Arts,
53; Petropoulos,
The Faustian Bargain,
216-21.

56
Wulf,
Die Bildenden Künste,
39-45; Koehler, ‘The
Bauhaus’,
292-3; Igor Golomstock,
Totalitarian Art in the Soviet Union, Third Reich, Fascist Italy and the People’s Republic of China
(London, 1990), 21; West,
The Visual Arts,
83-133.

57
Ritchie,
German Literature,
187.

58
Ibid., 189; Harpprecht,
Thomas Mann,
722-50.

59
Ritchie,
German Literature
58-61; Lothar Gall,
Bürgertum in Deutschland
(Berlin, 1989), 466, also more generally for Bassermann and his family. Johst was quickly appointed co-director of the theatre. See Boguslaw Drewniak,
Das Theater im NS-Staat: Szenarium deutscher Zeitgeschichte
1933-1945 (Düsseldorf, 1983), 46-7; more generally, Glen W. Gadberry (ed.),
Theatre in the Third Reich, the Prewar Years: Essays on Theatre in Nazi Germany
(Westport, Conn., 1995) and John London (ed.),
Theatre under the Nazis
(Manchester, 2000).

60
Ritchie,
German Literature,
58-61; ‘Wenn ich Kultur höre, entsichere ich meinen Browning’ (Wulf,
Literatur,
113).

61
Knowles (ed.),
The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations,
418, quote 17; for a first, detailed account of ‘the war of annihilation against culture’, see World Committee (ed.),
The Brown Book,
160-93.

62
Hugo Ott,
Martin Heidegger: A Political Life
(London, 1993), 13-139.

63
Ibid., 140-48.

64
Martin Heidegger,
Die Selbstbehauptung der deutschen Universität: Rede, gehalten bei der feierlichen Übernahme des Rektorats der Universität Freiburg i. Br. am
27.5.1933 (Breslau, 1934), 5, 7,14-15. 22.

65
Hans Sluga,
Heidegger’s Crisis: Philosophy and Politics in Nazi Germany
(Cambridge, Mass., 1993), 1-4; Guido Schneeberger,
Nachlese zu Heidegger: Dokumente zu seinem Leben und Denken
(Berne, 1962), 49-57. See also the biography by Rüdíger Safranski,
Ein Meister aus Deutschland: Heidegger und seine Zeit
(Munich, 1994).

66
Ott,
Martin Heidegger,
169, 198-9.

67
Quoted ibid., 185.

68
The only professor of any discipline to do so was the historian Gerhard Ritter. See Cornelissen,
Gerhard Ritter,
239.

69
Quoted in Ott,
Martin Heidegger,
164, with a discussion on 165-6 of the casuistry employed by Heidegger’s modern admirers in trying to explain such sentiments away. For a useful collection of studies, see Bernd Martin (ed.),
Martin Heidegger und das ‘Dritte Reich’ Ein Kompendium
(Darmstadt, 1989).

70
Remy,
The Heidelberg Myth,
14.

71
Ott,
Martin Heidegger,
235-351.

72
Noakes and Pridham (eds.),
Nazism,
II. 249-250; and for two good local studies, Uwe Dietrich Adam,
Hochschule und Nationalsozialismus: Die Universität Tühingen im Dritten Reich
(Tübingen, 1977), and Notker Hammerstein,
Die Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität: Von
der
Stiftungsuniversität zur staatlichen Hochschule
(2 vols., Neuwied, 1989), I. 171-211.

BOOK: The Coming of the Third Reich
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