The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1138 page)

Jalwah
(return to the world to help others)
:

see
MULL
ADR
.

 
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(Swahili, ‘family’). A large
charismatic
movement among African
Roman Catholics
in Zaire. It was founded in the early 1950s among urban workers attached to the copper mines in the Katanga area, by a Belgian Franciscan missionary, Placide Tempels. It expressed the ideas in his influential book
Bantu Philosophy
(1945), which interpreted RC teaching in terms of African culture. After a sympathetic beginning, relations with the RC hierarchy deteriorated, Tempels was withdrawn to Belgium in 1962, members were virtually
excommunicated
from about 1970. In spite of this Jamaa has spread widely into Kasai and beyond, and produced deviant secessions known as Katete.

 
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Jam
‘at-i Isl
m
(The Islamic Society)
.

A highly disciplined and well-organized Muslim political party, founded in 1941 by Abul al-A‘l
Mawd
d
. It aims at establishing an observant Islamic state in Pakistan. The Jam
‘at advocates that Pakistan should be a theocratic state, ruled by a single man whose tenure of office and power are limited only by his faithfulness to Islam. The ruler should be assisted by a
shura
(advisory council), with no political parties and no provision for an opposition. General Zia al-Haqq, the military leader after the overthrow of Z. Bhutto (1977), used the Jam
‘at as a political prop for his ‘back to Islam’ campaign.