The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (1293 page)

Khwarr
(destiny)
:

see
FRAVASI
.

 
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(Jap., ‘potential’). One who is potentially able to receive the
Buddha's
teaching; or to become a
bodhisattva
or buddha; hence, ‘a human being’.

 
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Kibbutz
.

Voluntary agricultural collective in
Erez Israel
. The first kibbutz to be founded was En Harol in 1921, and the founding of kibbutzim (pl.) has had an important part in the pioneering settlement of the land.

 
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Kibbutz galuyyot
:

see
GALUT
.

 
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(Heb., ‘sanctification’).
Prayer
recited over a cup of wine to sanctify the
Sabbath
or
festivals
. It is forbidden to eat on a Sabbath or festival until the Kiddush has been recited.

 
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(Heb., ‘sanctification of the divine name’). The glorification of the God of Israel, especially by remaining steadfast in faith. The
rabbis
taught that God's name could be sanctified in three specific ways:
prayer
, excellent conduct, and
martyrdom
. Martyrdom has always been seen as the ultimate expression of Kiddush ha-Shem. Martyrdom in the Jewish tradition is obligatory, rather than break the laws of
idolatry
, unchastity, or murder. The opposite is
illul ha-Shem, ‘desecration of the Name’, which involves consideration of how an action will be regarded in the gentile world. It includes the offence of erasing God's name following Deuteronomy 12. 3 f.).

 
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