al-Junaid, Ab
’l-Q
sim
(d. 910 (AH 298)).
S
f
teacher, who influenced
al-Hall
j
, and who laid the foundations of much of the development of Sufism. From his instructors he received his strong insistence that religious law and orthodox behaviour and belief control S
f
experience. He thus distanced himself from the extreme statements of such men as al-Hall
j, and has therefore been known as the advocate of ‘sober Sufism’. Little of his own writing has survived, apart from fragments collected in a work given the general title of an Epistle,
Rasa’il
.
al-Khamriyya
(The Wine Ode)
: