Upani
ad
. Their doctrines are known from the later
P
upata S
tra
and the commentary by Kau
nya (5th or 6th cent. CE). The P
upatas maintained that
iva is transcendent, and is the instrumental, not the material, cause of the world. The aim of P
upata practice, which comprised
yoga
,
asceticism
, and
mantra
repetition, was freedom from suffering, which comes about only through grace (
pras
da
). The P