Upani
ad
. Their doctrines are known from the later
P
![](/files/02/59/75/f025975/public/00006.jpg)
upata S
tra
and the commentary by Kau
![](/files/02/59/75/f025975/public/00026.jpg)
![](/files/02/59/75/f025975/public/00019.jpg)
![](/files/02/59/75/f025975/public/00013.jpg)
nya (5th or 6th cent. CE). The P
![](/files/02/59/75/f025975/public/00006.jpg)
![](/files/02/59/75/f025975/public/00004.jpg)
upatas maintained that
![](/files/02/59/75/f025975/public/00020.jpg)
iva is transcendent, and is the instrumental, not the material, cause of the world. The aim of P
![](/files/02/59/75/f025975/public/00006.jpg)
![](/files/02/59/75/f025975/public/00004.jpg)
upata practice, which comprised
yoga
,
asceticism
, and
mantra
repetition, was freedom from suffering, which comes about only through grace (
pras
da
). The P
![](/files/02/59/75/f025975/public/00006.jpg)