Philocalia
(Gk., ‘love of what is beautiful’). The title of two Christian works:
(i) the
Philocalia
of
Origen
, an anthology from his writings compiled by
Basil
and
Gregory of Nazianzus
; and
(ii) the
Philocalia
of Sts Macarius Notaras and
Nicodemus of the Holy Mountain
, first publ. in Venice in 1782, a collection of ascetic and mystical writings of the 4th–15th cents.
Philosophia perennis
(Lat., ‘perennial philosophy’). Originally introduced as a term (by Steuchen) in 1540 to describe what the school of Padua and
scholasticism
had in common. The term since then has had various technical applications, e.g. to what Greek and medieval philosophy have in common, or to
Thomism
as a whole. But a looser sense was introduced by
Leibniz
(1646–1716) to pick out those elements of philosophy which had endured through time—his own philosophy being, in his own view, the proper continuation and development of it. Even more loosely, the term has come to refer to a fundamental core of truth to be found at the heart of all religions.
Philosophical Taoism:
Philosophicus Autodidactus
(text by Ibn Tufayl):
Philosophy, six schools of
(Indian):