The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (2206 page)

ta‘z
ya
(condolence, expressed through re-enactments of the life and death of al-
usain). It is moderated by
aq
ya
, the concealment of faith under persecution or pressure—perhaps even as an obligation.
The word and the concept of martyrdom were adopted by the Sikhs (though usually transliterated as ‘shaheed’).

 
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(1076–1153 (AH 469–548))
. Muslim scholar, especially of the relation of religions to Islam. He was a
Sunni
and an Ash‘arite (
al-Ash‘ari
), who wrote a work on the limitations of philosophy in relation to theology (
Nih
yat al-Iqd
m fi ‘Ilm al-Kal
m
), but he is remembered particularly for
Kit
b al-Milal w‘al-Nihal
(The Book of Religions and Systems). Islam is placed at the centre, as the recipient of the uncorrupted
Qur’
n
, and other religions (including Islamic sects) are then placed in varying degrees of positive or negative relation to Islam.