The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (2772 page)
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Zwingli, Ulrich
(1484–1531).
Swiss
Reformer
. After
ordination
in 1526, he became pastor at Glaurus, where he devoted himself to the study of
Erasmus
, biblical languages,
patristic
theology, and the memorization of the Pauline epistles. In 1516 he became chaplain of the Cloister at Einsiedeln where blatant abuses strengthened his desire for reform. He was appointed
priest
at the Zurich ‘Great Church’ in 1518, gradually using his expositions to encourage reform. Zwingli defended his views in sixty-seven theses, on which he wrote
Auslegung und Gründe der Schlussreden
, i.e. his own commentary, and obtained the active support of the Zurich City Council, but a second disputation in 1523 led to a breach with two of his more radical colleagues, Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz, with Zwingli fearing that their ‘Free Church’ convictions would alienate the magistracy. Zwingli opposed their views about believers'
baptism
, insisting on the baptism of all infants. At the same time, he encountered further theological difficulty over relationships with the
Lutherans
, with the 1529 Colloquy of
Marburg
failing to reconcile the
eucharistic
views of German and Swiss Protestants. The Swiss Cantons fought over their divergent ecclesiastical loyalties, and the intensely patriotic Zwingli was killed at the battle of Cappel in 1531.
Zwingli placed great emphasis on the work of the
Holy Spirit
. Thus although (as with
Luther
) scripture has supreme authority, only the Spirit enables perception of its truth: prayer precedes perusal. Baptism he related to
covenant
theology, and the
Last Supper
he understood, not as initiating a sacrificial
mass
, but as mediating the opportunity for faith to perceive the presence of Christ and to receive the benefits thereof.
Swiss
Reformer
. After
ordination
in 1526, he became pastor at Glaurus, where he devoted himself to the study of
Erasmus
, biblical languages,
patristic
theology, and the memorization of the Pauline epistles. In 1516 he became chaplain of the Cloister at Einsiedeln where blatant abuses strengthened his desire for reform. He was appointed
priest
at the Zurich ‘Great Church’ in 1518, gradually using his expositions to encourage reform. Zwingli defended his views in sixty-seven theses, on which he wrote
Auslegung und Gründe der Schlussreden
, i.e. his own commentary, and obtained the active support of the Zurich City Council, but a second disputation in 1523 led to a breach with two of his more radical colleagues, Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz, with Zwingli fearing that their ‘Free Church’ convictions would alienate the magistracy. Zwingli opposed their views about believers'
baptism
, insisting on the baptism of all infants. At the same time, he encountered further theological difficulty over relationships with the
Lutherans
, with the 1529 Colloquy of
Marburg
failing to reconcile the
eucharistic
views of German and Swiss Protestants. The Swiss Cantons fought over their divergent ecclesiastical loyalties, and the intensely patriotic Zwingli was killed at the battle of Cappel in 1531.
Zwingli placed great emphasis on the work of the
Holy Spirit
. Thus although (as with
Luther
) scripture has supreme authority, only the Spirit enables perception of its truth: prayer precedes perusal. Baptism he related to
covenant
theology, and the
Last Supper
he understood, not as initiating a sacrificial
mass
, but as mediating the opportunity for faith to perceive the presence of Christ and to receive the benefits thereof.
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of
World Religions
UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of
World Religions
EDITORS
General editor and contributor
| John Bowker | Gresham Professor, Gresham College, London and Adjunct Professor at the University of Pennsylvania and North Carolina State University; formerly Professor of Religion |
| University of Lancaster and Fellow of Trinity College, | |
| University of Cambridge, UK |
| Adrian Abbotts | Head of Religious Studies, |
| Sir Jonathan North Community College, | |
| Leicester, UK |
| Dr Peter B. Clarke | Professor of the History and Sociology of Religion and Director, Centre for New Religions, |
| King's College, University of London, UK |
| Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok | Honorary Research Fellow, |
| University of Kent, Canterbury, UK |
| Professor John R. Hinnells | Professor of Comparative Religion, |
| University of London and Head of the Department of the Study of Religions, | |
| School of Oriental and African Studies, UK |
| Joseph Kitagawa, | lately of the Divinity School, |
| University of Chicago, USA |
| Dr Eleanor Nesbitt, | Lecturer in Education, |
| Warwick Religions and Education Research Unit, | |
| University of Warwick, UK |
| Dr Harold Turner | formerly Founder-Director of Interact Centre, |
| Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham, UK |
| Dr Martin Wiltshire | Department of Religion and Philosophy, |
| Edith Cowan University, Western Australia |
| Dr Gina Alexander | Jungian analyst |
| British Association of Psychotherapists | |
| UK | |
| Jung | |
| Claire Baillargeon | Santa Barbara |
| California, USA | |
| Hinduism | |
| Revd P. M. Ballaman | Anglican deacon |
| UK | |
| Modern Christian thought | |
| Dr Jerome H. Bauer | Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies |
| University of Pennsylvania | |
| USA | |
| Indian civilization; South Asian religion and philosophy; Hinduism | |
| Revd Dr Jeremy Begbie | Vice Principal |
| Ridley Hall | |
| Cambridge, UK | |
| Calvin and Calvinism; modern systematic theology | |
| David Bowker | Teacher of religious studies |
| UK | |
| Religions; religious studies | |
| Dr Margaret Bowker | Emeritus Reader |
| University of Lancaster | |
| UK | |
| Church history; Christianity | |
| Andrew Braddock | Ridley Hall |
| Cambridge, UK | |
| Church history | |
| Dr Peter Newman Brooks | Fellow |
| Robinson College | |
| Cambridge, UK | |
| Reformation | |
| Dr Raymond Brown | Sometime Principal |
| Spurgeon's College | |
| London, UK | |
| Christianity | |
| Mr Robert F. Campany | Associate Professor |
| Department of Religious Studies | |
| Indiana University, USA | |
| Chinese religion | |
| Professor D. R. Catchpole | St Luke's Foundation |
| Professor of Theological Studies | |
| University of Exeter, UK | |
| New Testament | |
| Professor Henry Chadwick | Emeritus Professor |
| University of Cambridge | |
| and Former Master of Peterhouse | |
| Cambridge, UK | |
| Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission | |
| The Late Professor K. S. Chen | Former Chairman of the Department of Oriental Languages |
| University of California | |
| Los Angeles, USA | |
| Chinese Buddhism | |
| Professor Julia Ching | University of Toronto |
| Canada | |
| Chinese religion | |
| Professor J. P. Clayton | Professor of Religious Studies |
| University of Lancaster | |
| UK | |
| Religious studies | |
| Dr J. F. Coakley | Senior Lecturer in Near Eastern Languages |
| Harvard University, USA | |
| Christianity | |
| Professor R. J. Corless | Associate Professor of Religion |
| Duke University, USA | |
| Buddhism (general) and Far Eastern Buddhism | |
| The Revd Canon C. F. Coussmaker | Anglican chaplain in Moscow |
| Russia | |
| Orthodox Christianity | |
| Dr Kenneth Cragg | Former Anglican bishop in Jerusalem and Warden of the Central College, |
| Canterbury, UK | |
| currently Visiting Professor | |
| Union Theological Seminary | |
| New York, USA | |
| Islam | |
| David Craig | Head of Religious Broadcasting |
| BBC World Service | |
| UK | |
| World religions | |
| Dr Brian Davies, OP | Regent |
| Blackfriars, Oxford | |
| and University Research Lecturer | |
| University of Oxford, UK | |
| Christianity | |
| Dr Wade Dazey | Associate Professor |
| Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies | |
| University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, USA | |
| General Hinduism and Advaita Vedanta | |
| Professor J. C. Dobbins | Associate Professor of Religion and East Asian Studies |
| Oberlin College Ohio, USA | |
| Japanese Buddhism | |
| Professor Richard H. Drummond | Florence Livergood Warren Professor of Comparative Religions |
| University of Dubuque Seminary | |
| USA | |
| Christian mission | |
| Professor Gary L. Ebersole | Associate Professor |
| History of Religions | |
| University of Chicago | |
| USA | |
| Japanese religion | |
| Professor L. W. Fagg | Research Professor |
| Department of Physics | |
| Catholic University of America | |
| Washington DC, USA | |
| Time | |
| Dr Gavin Flood | Lecturer in Religious Studies |
| Department of Theology and Religious Studies | |
| University of Wales | |
| Lampeter, UK | |
| Hinduism | |
| Dr Richard Gardner | Sophia University |
| Faculty of Comparative Culture | |
| Ichigaya Campus | |
| Tokyo, Japan | |
| Japanese religion | |
| Ed Gilday | Formerly Research Student |
| Centre for Far Eastern Studies | |
| University of Chicago | |
| USA | |
| Dr David Gosling | Cambridge Teape Fellow |
| Clare Hall | |
| University of Cambridge | |
| UK | |
| South-East Asian Buddhism | |
| Mary Griffith | Santa Barbara |
| California, USA | |
| Hinduism | |
| Mr John S. Guest | Trustee Emeritus |
| Robert College of Istanbul | |
| Turkey | |
| Yezidi religion | |
| Revd Dr C. D. Hancock | Holy Trinity Church |
| Cambridge, UK | |
| Anglicanism | |
| Dr F. E. Hardy | Reader in Indian Religions |
| King's College | |
| University of London | |
| UK | |
| Indian religions | |
| Dr Ian Harris | Reader in Religious Studies |
| University College of St Martin | |
| Lancaster, UK | |
| Buddhism | |
| Dr Paul Heelas | Reader in Religion and Modernity |
| Department of Religious Studies | |
| University of Lancaster | |
| UK | |
| Study of religion | |
| Professor Y. T. Hosoi | Associate Professor |
| Oregon State University | |
| Corvallis | |
| Oregon, USA | |
| Japanese religion | |
| The late Trevor Huddleston | Former Archbishop of the Indian Ocean and President Anti-Apartheid Movement |
| Africa | |
| Zahid Hussein | Former research student |
| University of Lancaster | |
| UK | |
| Islam | |
| Professor Paul Ingram | Professor of Religion |
| Pacific Lutheran University | |
| Tacoma | |
| Washington, USA | |
| Japanese Buddhism | |
| Dr Penelope Johnstone | Tutor in Arabic |
| Oriental Institute | |
| University of Oxford, UK | |
| Islam | |
| Dr H. A. Kanitkar | Lector |
| Department of Anthropology and Sociology | |
| School of Oriental and African Studies | |
| University of London, UK | |
| Hinduism | |
| Mr V. P. Hemant Kanitkar | Former schoolmaster and author of books on Hinduism |
| UK | |
| Hinduism | |
| Professor T. Kasulis | Professor of Comparative Studies in the Humanities |
| Ohio State University | |
| Columbus, USA | |
| Japanese Buddhism | |
| Dr Ruth Katz | Former Associate Professor of Religion |
| Florida State University | |
| USA | |
| Hinduism | |
| Dr Damien Keown | Lecturer in Indian Religion |
| Department of Historical and Cultural Studies | |
| Goldsmith's College | |
| University of London | |
| UK | |
| Buddhism | |
| Professor H. J. Kim | Professor Emeritus |
| Department of Religious Studies | |
| University of Oregon, USA | |
| Korean Buddhism | |
| Professor H. Kiyota | Chairman |
| Buddhist Studies Program | |
| Department of South Asian Studies | |
| University of Wisconsin-Madison | |
| USA | |
| Buddhism | |
| Dr Linda L. Lam-Easton | Associate Professor |
| Department of Religious Studies | |
| California State University | |
| Northridge, USA | |
| Chinese religions; history of religions | |
| Dr Gerald J. Larson | Professor of Religious Studies |
| University of California | |
| Santa Barbara, USA | |
| Hindu and Buddhist traditions; history of religions | |
| Professor Andrew Louth | Professor of Cultural History |
| Goldsmith's College | |
| University of London | |
| UK | |
| Christianity | |
| Professor Theodore M. Ludwig | Professor of Theology |
| Valparaiso University | |
| Indiana, USA | |
| Japanese religion | |
| Dr Nancy McCagney | Assistant Professor of Philosophy |
| Department of Philosophy | |
| University of Delaware | |
| USA | |
| Indian Mahayana Buddhism | |
| Mark MacWilliams | Assistant Professor |
| Religious Studies | |
| Bucknell University | |
| USA | |
| Japanese religion | |
| Professor M. M. J. Marasinghe | Professor of Buddhist Philosophy |
| University of Kelaniya | |
| Sri Lanka | |
| Buddhism | |
| Dr F. Matchett | Honorary Research Fellow in Indian Religions |
| Department of Religious Studies | |
| University of Lancaster | |
| UK | |
| Hinduism | |
| Professor Jeffrey J. Meyer | Professor and Chair of Religious Studies Department |
| UNC Charlotte | |
| North Carolina, USA | |
| Chinese religion | |
| Dr Alan John Milbank | University Lecturer and Fellow of Peterhouse |
| University of Cambridge | |
| UK | |
| Christianity | |
| Professor Alan L. Miller | Professor of Religion |
| Miami University | |
| Oxford | |
| Ohio, USA | |
| Japanese folk religion | |
| Revd Gareth Moore, OP | Prior |
| Couvent de l'Épiphanie | |
| Rixensart, Belgium | |
| Christian ethics | |
| Dr P. E. Nosco | Formerly, Institute of Asian Studies |
| St John's University | |
| New York, USA | |
| Shinto | |
| The late Maurice Oldfield | Cumbria |
| UK | |
| Jainism | |
| Emily Groszos Ooms | Elementary school teacher |
| The Willows Community School | |
| Los Angeles, USA | |
| Japanese religion | |
| Jeanne Openshaw | Research Fellow |
| Lucy Cavendish College | |
| University of Cambridge | |
| UK | |
| Bauls | |
| Professor Roger O'Toole | Professor of Sociology |
| University of Toronto | |
| Canada | |
| Sociology of religion | |
| Dr Lloyd Pflueger | Assistant Professor of Philosophy and Religion |
| Truman State University | |
| Kirksville, USA | |
| South Asian Philosophy and religion |
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