The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions (755 page)

Exsurge Domine
.

A
bull
issued in June 1520 by Pope
Leo X
, threatening the excommunication of
Luther
. The
Reformer
appealed for a general
council
to discuss the issues but, having no success, burnt the bull publicly in Wittenberg, Dec. 1520.

 
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(Lat., ‘outside the church there is no salvation’). The view, expressed first by
Origen
and
Cyprian
, that formal membership of the Church is necessary for salvation. The
bull
Unam Sanctam
(1302) of Pope
Boniface VIII
declared that ‘there is one holy, catholic and apostolic Church, outside of which there is neither salvation nor remission of sins’, and that ‘it is altogether necessary to salvation for every human creature to be subject to the Roman pontiff’. The bull mentions specifically ‘the Greeks’ (i.e. the Greek Orthodox):
a fortiori
, those in other religions must be in equally great peril.
The apparent severity to non-Christians and non-Catholics is modified by
invincible ignorance
.
This caution issued in the teaching of Vatican II (especially
Lumen Gentium
) that those who live by conscience outside the Church may be saved. See also Anonymous Christians in
RAHNER
, K.

 
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Extreme unction
(rite of anointing)
:

see
UNCTION
.

 
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(1690/5–1764).
Jewish
talmudic
and
kabbalistic
scholar. When
rabbi
of ‘the three communities’ (Altona, Hamburg, and Wandsbeck), he came into controversy with Jacob
Emden
over his supposed leanings towards Shabbateanism (see
SHABBETAI ZEVI
). Eventually he was vindicated by the Council of the Four Lands in 1753. He was an outstanding preacher, and published several homiletic works, as well as thirty treatises on
halakhah
. Scholars do not agree whether there is any substance in the Shabbatean charges. His book on the Kabbalah,
Shem ‘Olam
(Everlasting Name) can be interpreted in different ways, and doubt has been cast on its authorship. Eybeschuetz published a refutation of the charges in
Lu
ot Edut
(1755).

 
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Eye
:

see
EVIL EYE
.

 
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Ezekiel
.

Hebrew prophet of the 6th cent. BCE and name of a prophetical book of the Hebrew Bible and Christian Old Testament. Ezekiel is the last of the three ‘major prophets’, after
Isaiah
and
Jeremiah
. As well as fears about mystical speculation, the book caused embarrassment because of the contradiction between chs. 40–8 and the laws of the
Pentateuch
, as well as the fierce diatribes against Jerusalem in ch. 16. The Talmud (
B.
ag
13a) records that the book was almost suppressed.