The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land (93 page)

Saladin’s return to, 297

Saladin’s rule of,
see
Saladin

Saladin thrown a lifeline by continued prosperity of, 499

Shi‘ite caliph established in, 266

spiral of chaos in, 267

struggle for control in, on al-Kamil’s death, 573

Uthman appointed ruler of, 338

see also
Nile

Eisenhower, General Dwight D., 674

Eleanor of Aquitaine, 207, 217, 376, 385, 389

Henry of Anjou marries, 369

Raymond and, 233

Ellenblum, Ronnie, 312

Emma (daughter of Arnulf of Chocques), 127

End of Days, 5, 19

England, 208, 323, 369, 372, 378, 386, 388, 526, 534, 555

Anglo-Saxon, 8

civil war in, 198

crusading tax in, 385

Innocent III seeks to broker peace deal between France and, 526

Richard I becomes king of, 383

Richard I’s time in, 375

see also
Edward I; Henry II; Henry III; Richard I

Enlightenment, 670, 671

Ephesus, 220

Eschiva of Tiberias, Lady, 301, 346

Étampes, 215

Eugenius III, Pope, 201, 202–6, 211–14
passim
, 216

in Paris, 217

Quantum praedecessores
encyclical of, 202–3, 204–6, 210

Euphrates River, 20, 60, 138, 317, 320, 321, 500, 628, 648

Eustace Garnier, 127

Everard of Brienne, 403, 405, 407

Excalibur, 374

al-Fadil, 276, 279–80, 287, 297–8, 333, 334, 336, 354, 363, 392, 514

Fakhr al-Din, 566, 568, 586, 588, 589–90, 593–5, 596

Famagusta, 429

Farrukh-Shah, 292, 295, 298, 317, 318

Fatima, 20, 21

Ferrand, 408

Fertile Crescent, 20

Field of Blood (
Ager Sanguinis
), 164–5, 166, 172, 178, 225, 243, 310

Fifth Crusade, 533–5, 550–62, 614

Egypt targeted by, 552–4

indecision paralyses, 558–9

lost momentum of, 554–5

response to preaching of, 533–4

scurvy among, 556

First Crusade, 33–104,
51
, 108–15, 197–8, 199, 200, 203, 202–3, 208, 658

act of Christian aggression, 4

advance on and besieging of Jerusalem by, 89–96

first direct assault, 94

Antioch’s famine during, 76–7

apparel, armour and weaponry of knights in, 42
n

Arabic poets commemorate, 113

Asia Minor crossed by, 56–61

assault on Jerusalem by, 96–103, 111

aftermath of, 103–7

recorded casualties in, 102

return to Europe after, 106–7

Baghdad sends huge relief force during, 72

Battle of Dorylaeum during, 57–9

cannibalism during, 84

disjointed beginnings of, 40

Firuz’s betrayal and, 72–3

Franks suffer illness and malnourishment during, 68–9

group discussion determines direction of, 57

Historia
commemorating, 109, 111

histories of, 108–13

Islam’s response to, 111–14

lack of water during, 59

Latin Christendom stunned by success of, 108

Muslim envoys discuss negotiated settlement during, 71

numbers involved in, 42

‘People’s Crusade’ and, 41, 48, 52

propitious timing of, 22

purgative rituals during, 69

retrospective interpretations of, 39

return to Europe after, 106

Siege (1st) of Antioch during, 61–74

Siege (2nd) and Battle of Antioch during, 74–82

Siege of Nicaea during, 52–6

in Syria, 62–88

Urban instigates, 10, 33–9, 202

First World War, 673, 674, 675

Firuz, 72–3

fitz-Fulk the Leper, Robert, 157, 165–6

Flanders, 212

Flori, Jean, 474

Fontevraud, 384

Fourth Crusade, 525–32

Constantinople and, 529–32

Doge Dandalo commutes debt of, 528

diversions from, 527–32

excommunication of, 529

financial shortfall hits start of, 528

initial manpower shortages for, 528

Innocent imposes minimum terms of service in, 525

laity largely shapes, 526

preaching of, 525

Venice deal and, 527–8, 531

Fourth Lateran Council, 535

France, 6, 39, 143, 144, 173, 215, 323, 369, 373, 378, 382, 384, 527, 533, 555, 649, 667, 673

call to cross in, 372

courtly life and chivalry in, 372

crusading tax in, 385

derivation of name of, 6

fighting aristocracy of, 43

Innocent III seeks to broker peace deal between England and, 526

involvement of, in Second Crusade,
see
Louis VII; Second Crusade

involvement of, in Third Crusade,
see
Acre: Great Siege of; Philip II Augustus; Third Crusade

Islam reaches, 19

Michaud on, 672

polities in, 7

Roman ecclesiastical authority consolidated in, 9

Urban seeks to extend papal influence to, 35

Urban’s message to, 41

see also
Capetian dynasty; Louis VII of France; Louis IX of France; Philip II Augustus of France

Francia, 6

Frankfurt, 209, 213, 215

Frederick I of Germany (Barbarossa) (‘Red Beard’), 303, 367, 369, 381–2, 416, 420–2

cross taken by, 381

death of, 421–2, 426

see also
Germany

Frederick II of Germany and Sicily, 522, 550–1, 556, 558, 562–72, 580

al-Kamil agrees terms with, 569

anointed emperor, 559–60

crown rights to Germany and Sicily removed from, 577

Crusade of, 562–71

death of, 572

excommunications of, 567, 572, 579

Gregory IX calls for crusade against, 572

Gregory IX excommunicates, 567, 572

Gregory IX lifts excommunication of, 571

illness spreads through army of, 566

Jerusalem entered by, 570

Jerusalem recovered by, 569

return to Italy by, 571–2

weakened authority of, in Palestine, 568

see also
Hohenstaufen dynasty/empire

Frederick of Swabia, 381, 421, 424

Freiburg, 209

Frisia, 381, 403

Fulcher, of Chartres, 56, 109, 118–19, 121, 129–30, 177, 183

Fulk V of Anjou, king of Jerusalem, 173, 174, 185, 193, 379

Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou, 4–5, 6–7, 11

monastery established by, 12

pilgrimage embraced by, 13

salvation sought by, 5, 12

Fulk of Neuilly, 525, 527

Fustat, 266, 269, 278, 279, 298