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Authors: Michael Watts

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zoos
Enclosures where animaLs are held for a variety of purposes, including display, human entertainment and education, ex situ breeding and conservation. Initially developed from menageries of animal exotica, and designed for human consumption, zoos responded in the mid to late twentieth cen tury to public anxiety, animal welfare and environmental criticisms by re staging and re selling animal collections as crucial to Bio diversity conservation (Anderson, 1995). Zoos then formed networks linked by the movements of animals, reproductive tissues (NEW PARAGRAPH) and records (Whatmore, 2002a). Animal lives were behaviourally enhanced, and collections shifted from the comprehensive (displaying a wide variety of specimen spe cies) to the specialized (focused on sustain able groups of species types). Criticisms remain, especially from those who regard zoo improvements as little other than conscience and market protection devices in an increasingly competitive edu tainment sector. sjh
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