The Faith Instinct (43 page)

Authors: Nicholas Wade

BOOK: The Faith Instinct

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57
Harvey Whitehouse, “Cognitive Evolution and Religion; Cognition and Religious Evolution,” in The Evolution
of Religion,
ed. Joseph Bulbulia et al. (Santa Margarita, California: Collins Foundation Press, 2008), 31.

58
Jesse M. Bering and Dominic D. P. Johnson, “O Lord ... You Perceive My Thoughts from Afar: Recursiveness and the Evolution of Supernatural Agency,”
Journal
of Cognition and Culture 5.1—2(2005): 118—42.

59
Psalm 139:1-2, 23-24.

60
Laurence R.Iannaccone, “Why Strict Churches Are Strong,”
AmericanjournalofSociology
99 (1994): 1180—1211.

61
Ibid., 1204.

62
William Irons, “Religion as a Hard-to-FakeSign of Commitment,” in
Evolution and the Capacity for Commitment
, ed. Randolph M. Nesse (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001), 293.

63
RichardSosis, “Religious Behaviors, Badges, and Bans: SignalingTheory and the Evolution of Religion,” in McNamara, ed.,
Where
God
and
Science Meet, vol. 1 (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2006), 61—86.

64
Scott Atran, In
Gods We
Trust (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 267.

65
Pascal Boyer, “Religious Thought and Behaviour as By-products of Brain Function,”
Trends in Cognitive Neuroscience
7 (2003): 119-24.

66
Steven Pinker, “The Evolutionary Psychology of Religion,” in McNamara, ed.,
Where
God
and
Science Meet, vol.1,1-9.

67
Richard Dawkins, The God Delusion (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), 161-207.

68
Darwin,
Autobiography,
135.

69
David Sloan Wilson and Edward O. Wilson, “Rethinking the Theoretical Foundation of Sociobiology,” Quarterly Review of Biology 82 (2007): 327-48.

70
Dan Levin, “A Display of Disapproval That Turned Menacing,”
New
York Times, December 16, 2007, 49.

71
Samuel Bowles,
Microeconomics: Behavior, Institutions and Evolution
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2004), 467.

72
Samuel Bowles, “Group Competition, Reproductive Leveling, and the Evolution of Human Altruism,” Science 314 (2006): 1569-72.

73
David Sloan Wilson,
Darwin’s Cathedral
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002). The theory is presented in summary form in Table 2-2 on p. 51.

74
David Sloan Wilson, Evolution for Everyone (New York: Delacorte Press, 2007), 256.

75
Owen Chadwick, A History of Christianity (New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 1998), 219.

76
William H. McNeill, Keeping Together in Time (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 2.

77
A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, The
Andaman Islanders
(New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964), 251 52.

78
Bruno Nettl, “An Ethnomusicologist Contemplates Universals in Musical Sound and Musical Culture,” in The Origins of Music, ed. Nils L. Wallin et al. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2000), 466.

79
Amy Waldman, “Word for Word/Taboo Heaven,” New York Times, December 2, 2001.

80
Charles Darwin, The
Descent of Man,
2nd ed. (New York: Appleton, 1898), 582.

81
Barbara Ehrenreich,
Dancing in the Streets
(New York: Holt, 2007), 15.

82
Charles Darwin, The Voyage of the
Beagle
(New York: Collier, 1909), 475.

83
Darwin,
Descent of Man,
585.

84
Steven Pinker,
How the Mind Works
(New York: Norton, 1997), 534.

85
Sandra Trehub, “The Developmental Origins of Musicality,”
Nature Neuroscience
6 (2003) 669—73.

86
Geoffrey Miller, “Evolution of Human Music Through Sexual Selection,” in Wallin, et al., eds.,
Origins of Music,
331.

87
Ibid., 351.

88
W. Tecumseh Fitch, “The Biology and Evolution of Music: A Comparative Approach,”
Cognition
100 (2006): 173-215.

89
Rodney Needham, “Percussion and Transition,”
Man 2
(1967): 606—14, , reprinted in
Reader in Comparative Religion
, 4th ed., edited by William A. Lessa and Evon Z. Vogt (New York: HarperCollins, 1979), 311-17.

90
Lorna J. Marshall, Nyae Nyae
!Kung
Beliefs
and
Rites, Peabody Museum Monographs No. 8 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), 79.

91
Darwin,
Descent of Man,
585.

92
The point is made in Fitch, “Biology and Evolution of Music,” 198.

93
This suggestion has been advanced by the paleoanthropologist Richard Klein, who argues that some kind of “neurological change” gave behaviorally modern humans an adaptive advantage over the Neanderthals and others; see Richard G. Klein, The Human Career, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 452.

94
Erika Bourguignon, “Possession and Trance,” in
Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology,
ed. Carol R. Ember and Melvin Ember (Philadelphia: Springer, 2004), 137-45.

95
Gilbert Rouget,
Music and Trance
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985), 14.

96
Ibid., 175.

97
Mickey Hart,
Drumming at
the Edge
of Magic
(New York: HarperCollins, 1990),176.

98
E. E. Evans-Pritchard,
Witchcraft,
Oracles
and
Magic Among the
Azande
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1937),162.

99
McNeill,
Keeping Together in Time,
42.

100
William J. Broad,
The Oracle
(New York: Penguin Press, 2006), 173.

101
Rick Doblin, “Pahnke’s ’Good Friday Experiment’: A Long-Term Follow-Up and Methodological Critique,”
Journal of Transpersonal Psychology
23 (1) (1991): 1-28.

102
David E. Nichols and Benjamin R. Chemel, “The Neuropharmacology of Religious Experience: Hallucinogens and the Experience of the Divine,” in
Where God and
Science Meet, vol. 3, ed. Patrick McNamara (Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, 2006), 1—33.

103
Bronislaw Malinowski, Magic,
Science and
Religion (Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1992), 39.

104
Lars Fogelin, “The Archaeology of Religious Ritual,”
Annual Review of Anthropology
36 (2007): 55—71.

105
Nicholas Wade, Before the Dawn (New York: Penguin Press, 2006), 67-69.

106
Lorna J. Marshall,
Nyae
Nyae
!Kung
Beliefs
and
Rites, Peabody Museum Monographs No. 8 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), 63-90.

107
Megan Biesele, “Religion and Folklore,” in
The Bushmen: San
Hunters
and Herders of Southern Africa,
ed. Phillip V. Tobias and Megan Biesele (Cape Town: Human and Rousseau, 1978); quoted in Yosef Garfinkel,
Dancing at the Dawn of Agriculture
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003), 69.

108
Wade, Before the Dawn, 87.

109
A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, The Andaman Islanders (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1964), 250.

110
Ibid., 253.

111
Ibid., 328.

112
Georgi Hudjashov et al., “Revealing the Prehistoric Settlement of Australia by Y Chromosome and mtDNA Analysis,”
Proceeding
of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (2007): 8726-30.

113
Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, The Native Tribes of Central Australia (New York: Dover, 1968 [originally published 1899]), 272.

114
Ibid., 271.

115
Ibid., 321.

116
Ibid., 381.

117
Ronald M. Berndt, “Traditional Morality as Expressed Through the Medium of an Australian Aboriginal Religion,” in
Religion
in
Aboriginal Australia,
ed. Max Charlesworth et al. (Queensland, Australia: University of Queensland Press, 1984), 207.

118
Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, The Northern Tribes of Central Australia (first published 1904), reprinted in Charlesworth et al., eds.,
Religion
in
Aboriginal
Australia, 277—78.

119
Robert N. Bellah, “Religious Evolution,”
American Sociological
Review 29(3) (1964): 358-74, reprinted in
The Robert Bellah Reader,
ed. Robert N. Bellah and Steven M. Tipton (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2006), 33.

120
Robert Tonkinson, “Semen Versus Spirit-child in a Western Desert Culture,” in Charlesworth et al., eds.,
Religion in Aboriginal
Australia, 118.

121
W. E. H. Stanner, “The Dreaming,” in Australian
Signpost,
ed. T. A. G. Hungerford and F. W. Cheshire (Melbourne: F. W. C
heshire, 1956); reprinted in the first edition only of
Reader in Comparative Religion,
ed. William A. Lessa and Evon Z. Vogt (Evanston, Illinois: Peterson, 1958), 515.

122
Spencer and Gillen,
The Native Tribes of Central Australia,
93.

123
Ibid., 98.

124
E. E. Evans-Pritchard,
Theories of Primitive Religion
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1965), 108.

125
Ibid., 104.

126
E. E. Evans-Pritchard, Nuer
Religion
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 313.

127
Daniel L. Pals, Seven Theories
of Religion
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 200.

128
Evans-Pritchard,
Theories of Primitive Religion, 73.

129
Talcott Parsons, in Max Weber,
The Sociology of Religion
(Boston: Beacon Press, 1963), xxxvii.

130
Franz Boas,
Anthropology and Modern Life
(Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004 [first published 1928]), 111.

131
Steven Pinker,
The Blank Slate
(New York: Viking, 2002), 23.

132
Carl Degler,
In Search of Human Nature
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 84. The quotation is cited without source.

133
Christopher Boehm,
Hierarchy in the Forest
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), 42.

134
Yosef Garfinkel, Dancing
at the Dawn of Agriculture
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 2003), 100.

135
Roy Rappaport, “The Sacred in Human Evolution,”
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics
2 (1971): 23-44.

136
Joyce Marcus and Kent. V. Flannery,
“The coevolution of ritual and society:
New 14-C dates from ancient Mexico,”
Science
101 (2004): 18257-61.

137
Kent V. Flannery and Joyce Marcus, “The Origin of War: New 14-C Dates from Ancient Mexico,”
Science
100 (2003): 11801-05.

138
Peter M. M. G. Akkermans and Glenn M. Schwartz,
The Archaeology of Syria
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 96.

139
Garfinkel,
Dancing at the Dawn of Agriculture,
100.

140
I. M. Lewis,
Ecstatic Religion,
3rd ed. (London: Routledge, 2003), 118.

141
E. R. Dodds,
The Greeks and the Irrational
(Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress, 1951), 270—82.

142
1 Samuel 10:1-11.

143
2 Samuel 6:12-20.

144
Wayne A. Meeks,
The First Urban Christians,
2nd ed. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003), 149.

145
Barbara Ehrenreich,
Dancing in the Streets
(New York: Holt, 2006), 76.

146
Paul Johnson,
A History of Christianity
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995), 105.

147
William H. McNeill,
Keeping Together in Time
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 75—77.

148
Johnson,
History of Christianity,
249-50.

149
Frank Lambert,
Religion in American Politics
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), 172.

150
McNeill,
Keeping Together in Time,
79.

151
Ibid., 94.

152
E. E. Evans-Pritchard,
Nuer Religion(
New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 203.

153
David N. Keightley, “The Shang: China’s First Historical Dynasty,” in
The Cambridge History of Ancient China
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 232-91.

154
Emile Durkheim,
The Elementary Forms of Religious Life,
Karen E. Fields tr. (New York: Free Press, 1995), 429.

155
Jonathan K. Pritchard et al., “Population Growth of Human Y Chromosomes: A Study of Y Chromosome Micro-Satellites,”
Molecular Biology and Evolution
16 (1999): 1791-98.

156
Roy A. Rappaport,
Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 337.

157
Quoted in ibid., 490-91.

158
Bronislaw Malinowski, Magic,
Science and
Religion (Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press, 1992), 39.

159
William G. Dever,
Did God Have a Wife
(Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2005), 267-69.

160
Ibid., 263.

161
Ibid., 295.

162
2 Kings 22.