The Family (52 page)

2.
James C. Hefley and Edward E. Plowman,
Washington: Christians in the Corridors of Power
(Tyndale House, 1975), p. 100.

3.
Mauritz A. Hallgren, “Panic in the Steel Towns,”
The Nation
, March 30, 1932.

4.
Richard C. Berner,
Seattle in the 20th Century,
vol. 2,
Seattle, 1921
–
1940: From Boom to Bust
(Charles Press, 1992). For Seattle history, I rely on Abram’s memoir, documents from the Washington State archives, and most of all the incomparable and epic multivolume
Seattle in the 20th Century
, by Richard C. Berner, who presents pieces of nearly every significant primary source on the city’s politics and culture during the period he covers. In this chapter and in chapter 5, I draw especially on volume 2,
Seattle, 1921
–
1940: From Boom to Bust
(Philadelphia: Charles Press, 1992) and volume 3,
Seattle Transformed: World War II to the Cold War
(1999).

5.
Except where particular sources are indicated, my account of Abram’s nightmare nemesis, Harry Bridges, the strike of 1934, and the factors that fed into it is based on the following: Charles P. Larrowe,
Harry Bridges: The Rise and Fall of Radical Labor in the United States
(Lawrence Hill and Coe, 1972); David F. Selvin,
A Terrible Anger: The 1934 Waterfront and General Strikes in San Francisco
(Wayne State University Press, 1996); Mike Quin,
The Big Strike
(Olema, 1949); Paul Eliel,
The Waterfront and General Strikes, San Francisco, 1934
(Hooper, 1934); Warren Hinckle,
The Big Strike: A Pictorial History of the 1934 San Francisco General Strike
(Silver Dollar Books, 1985); J. Anthony Lukas,
Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America
(Simon and Schuster, 1997), Louis Adamic,
Dynamite: The Story of Class Violence in America
(Viking, 1934).

6.
Tillie Lerner, “The Strike,”
Partisan Review
, September–October, 1934.

7.
Abraham Vereide, notes prepared for Grubb,
Modern Viking
, from collection 459 of the BGCA, no box number.

8.
Evelyn Seeley, “Our Number One Fascists,”
The Nation
, April 15, 1936.

5.
THE
F
WORD

1.
Kissinger’s graduate work was recently brought to public attention by the economist Paul Krugman in
The Great Unraveling: Losing Our Way in the New Century
(W. W. Norton, 2003). Unfortunately, Krugman reads Kissinger too literally, settling for the either/or dichotomy established at first glance and then translating it to the present political situation as
us
(the secular state) versus
them
(the “right-wing movement” as “revolutionary power”). Krugman falls for this intellectual trap despite the fact that he acknowledges that the right-wing movement controls much or most of the state (depending on the electoral moment). The us and the them, status quo and revolutionary power, are not so different after all. As Pogo famously put it, “We have met the enemy, and it is us.”

2.
Alan Brinkley,
Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), pp. 83–95.

3.
Robert O. Paxton writes on the fascist penchant for colored shirts and its relationship to the appearance of perfect unity in
The Anatomy of Fascism
(Alfred A. Knopf, 2004).

4.
“Cincinattus Drive Is Sped in Seattle,”
New York Times
, March 1, 1936.

5.
Mary McCarthy, “Circus Politics in Washington State,”
The Nation
, October 17, 1936.

6.
Richard L. Neuberger, “State of the Slapstick in Politics,”
New York Times
, February 20, 1938.

7.
“Seattle Deals Radicals a Blow,”
Los Angeles Times,
March 10, 1938.

8.
Los Angeles Times
, March 9, 1938;
New York Times
, March 10, 1938.

9.
Michael Janson, “A Christian Century: Liberal Protestantism, the New Deal, and the Origins of Post-War American Politics” (dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2007), pp. 163–70.

10.
Hart’s involvement with ICL;
Edward Cabannis to Abram, July 24, 1951. Folder 6, box 166, collection 459, BGCA.
FBI on Hart and Lindbergh, and Hart on the Jews
: Max Wallace,
The American Axis: Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and the Rise of the Third Reich
(St. Martin’s Press, 2003), p. 252.
Robert H. Jackson on Hart:
“Democracy Under Fire,” delivered to a meeting of the Law Society of Massachusetts, Boston City Club, Boston, Massachusetts, October 16, 1940.

11.
For biographical details in this sketch of Buchman, I am indebted to the popular press of the era, which found Buchman a subject for admiration or a source of amusement, and especially to Tom Driberg’s
The Mystery of Moral Re-Armament: A Study of Frank Buchman and His Movement
(Alfred A. Knopf, 1965). Driberg was the first British journalist to investigate Buchman in the late 1920s. By the time he published his book-length study, however, he was a member of Parliament for Labour, and Buchmanites had long sought to discredit him as a communist and homosexual. Driberg had, indeed, joined the British Communist Party as a young man, but as his biographer Francis Wheen writes in
The Soul of Indiscretion: Tom Driberg—Poet, Philanderer, Legislator, and Outlaw
(Fourth Estate, 2002), he had been expelled when it was discovered that he was reporting to M15. His homosexuality was hardly a secret; he was famous for it, and in case there was any confusion he outed himself once again in
The Mystery of Moral Re-Armament
. He died a British peer, Baron Bradwell, in 1975 and was charged with having been a KGB spy in 1999 by the ex-KGB archivist Vasili Mitrokhin, who claimed that the Soviets blackmailed Driberg on threat of exposure of his sexuality. This seems a rather dubious assertion, given the fact that Driberg was out, and Driberg’s defenders say that their man had once again played double agent. Such facts are hard to ascertain, but for certainty’s sake in my reliance on his account of Buchman, I’ve used only information that Driberg clearly sourced; flamboyant in politics and romance, he was a moderate writer who made his case with care.

12.
Peter Howard,
Frank Buchman’s Secret
(Heinemann, 1961), p. 28. Howard’s short book is an exercise in distortion. The most egregious of its misrepresentations is Howard’s celebration of the Moral Re-Armament men who fought for the Allies in World War II. While many MRA followers no doubt did fight, MRA went to such ends in seeking to obtain exemptions for military service for British and American followers that Colonel Arthur V. McDermott, New York City’s draft director, declared that MRA was “reeking with hypocrisy and bad faith.” Quoted in Driberg,
The Mystery of Moral Re-Armament,
p. 75.

13.
Frank Buchman, “Guidance or Guns,” speech delivered at Interlaken on September 6, 1938, in
Remaking the World: The Speeches of Frank Buchman
(Bland-ford Press, 1961), p. 63.

14.
This fact, and the following description of a typical Buchmanite house party, are derived from “Soul Surgeon,” a profile of Buchman by Alva Johnson in the April 23, 1932,
New Yorker
, pp. 22–25.

15.
Buchman,
Remaking the World
.

16.
Grubb,
Modern Viking
, p. 51.

17.
Buchman, “Will God Control America?” broadcast from Philadelphia, June 19, 1936, in
Remaking the World,
p. 33.

18.
Buchman, “How to Listen,” speech delivered in Birmingham, England, July 26, 1936, in
Remaking the World
, p. 35.

19.
William A. H. Birnie, “Hitler or Any Fascist Leader Controlled By God Could Cure All Ills of World, Buchman Believes,”
New York World-Telegram
, August 26, 1936. Buchman’s high opinion of Hitler so addled his senses, writes Driberg in
The Mystery of Moral Re-Armament
(pp. 66–67), that before a trip to Germany he had one of his followers, a U.S. assistant attorney general, request a meeting with FDR for Buchman on the grounds that “Herr Hitler” had himself requested a meeting with Buchman, and Buchman would be embarrassed to report to Hitler that his own president would not receive him. It’s not known whether or not Buchman did, in fact, meet Hitler, but if so, he must have been red-faced; Roosevelt wanted no truck with Moral Re-Armament’s gnome.

20.
Buchman, “Miracles in the North,” speech delivered in New York City, November 20, 1935, in
Remaking the World
, pp. 19, 23.

21.
Sinclair Lewis,
It Can’t Happen Here
(Doubleday, Doran, 1935), p. 21.

22.
Richard M. Fried,
The Man Everybody Knew: Bruce Barton and the Making of Modern America
(Ivan R. Dee, 2005), p. 97.

23.
American
magazine, June 1930, p. 202, quoted in
Barton in Blunderland
, a 1937 campaign pamphlet for the American Labor Party.

24.
“Dollar’s Eagle Is a Sparrow, Barton Finds,”
Washington Post
, June 10, 1934.

25.
Bruce Barton, “Hard Times,”
Wall Street Journal
, March 30, 1926.

26.
Finding the Better Way,
periodicals, collection 459, Records of the Fellowship Foundation, BGCA.

27.
Grubb,
Modern Viking
, p. 66. Poling’s relationship to the Philadelphia machine is discussed in “Ring Job Ordered,”
Time
, August 6, 1951.

28.
Richard C. Berner,
Seattle in the 20th Century,
volume 3,
Seattle Transformed: World War II to the Cold War
(Philadelphia: Charles Press, 1999), p. 52.

29.
Ibid., p. 54.

30.
“Barton Breaks a Lance,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 26, 1937.

31.
Herbert Marcuse,
One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society
, 2nd edition (Beacon Press, 1991), p. 1.

6.
THE MINISTRY OF PROPER ENLIGHTENMENT

1.
“Nazi Envoy Silent on Agency Ouster,”
New York Times
, January 17, 1941.

2.
Quoted in “D.C. Trial Bares German Secrets,”
Washington Post,
July 24, 1941.

3.
“It is of paramount…”
: Hans Thomsen to Zapp, August 30, 1938, reproduced in full in “Excerpts from White Paper on Nazi Activities Here Released,”
New York Times
, November 22, 1940.
“My task here…”
: Zapp to Rudolf Leitner, then the German ambassador to South Africa, November 25, 1938, in ibid.

4.
“You can easily recognize Manfred Zapp, the Nazi agent, his madcap girlfriend, and…John Edgar Hoover,” Walter Winchell wrote in a blurb for
High Stakes
(G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1942), a thinly fictionalized account of the FBI’s investigation of Zapp by the journalist Curt Riess, a German émigré considered an authority on Nazi espionage. For Zapp in Havana, see Willard Edwards, “Find 200 Agents in Havana Push Cause of Hitler,”
Chicago Tribune
, July 27, 1940.

5.
Zapp’s antagonism toward Ryan was all the more remarkable for the fact that Ryan occasionally struck a friendly note for fascism, as in his 1937 defense of Generalissimo Franco’s fascist rebellion in Spain. Wilson D. Miscamble, “The Limits of American Catholic Anti-Fascism: The Case of John A. Ryan,”
Church History
, 59, no. 4 (December 1990): 523–38.
Zapp’s rebuttal:
Winifred Mallon, “Asks Public to Rise on Neutrality Act,”
New York Times
, July 14, 1939.

6.
“Roosevelt’s Attack Comes as G-Men Order Probe of Nazi Press Service,”
Washington Post
, October 25, 1940.