The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis (69 page)

Löwy, Ilana, 60

Lublin, 279–80, 284–87, 292

Marie-Curie University in, 285

Luftwaffe, 8, 120, 188–89

Lukasiewicz, Jan, 50

lungs, animal, in vaccines, 194, 204, 233, 237–39, 240, 244–47, 270, 281

Lwów (Lviv), 1–3, 5, 6, 14, 15, 39–40, 42–56, 84, 188, 275, 277, 302

antifascist movement in, 76

anti-Jewish laws of, 128

archery association of, 77

Botanical Garden of, 71, 116, 172

bourgeois life in, 42–45, 51

cafe culture in, 45, 47, 49–54, 73, 149

campus anti-Semitism in, 75

Catholic Seminary in, 164

Citadel of, 139–40

ethnic conflict in, 74, 128

General Hospital of, 54

ghettos in, 137–40, 157–59, 167–70, 177

golden age of, 42, 50–52

history, architecture of, 45–50

Institute for Typhus and Viral Research in, 136, 139, 189, 290, 300

Jan Kasimir University of, 131–32

Jewish Lazarus Hospital in, 138

medical community of, 138, 158

Mother and Child Hospital in, 113, 157

as multiethnic crossroads, 45–49, 73–74, 112–13

murder campaign in, 169

Nazi occupation of, 109, 125–40, 143–78, 272

nostalgia for, 47–53

oil industry of, 47, 52, 126

pogroms in, 46, 72–73, 128–31,
129

Polytechnic of, 116, 131–32, 147, 153

postwar life in, 275, 277, 279, 282, 283–84

professionals in, 75, 131–32

riots in, 73–74

Sanitation and Bacteriological Laboratory in, 113

Social Security Hospital of, 55, 76

Soviet occupation of, 110–17,
111
, 125–27, 131

as Ukrainian city, 283–84

Ukrainian Medical Institute in, 113

University of, 15, 16, 40, 45, 51, 55, 75, 77, 97, 112–13, 149

World War II death toll in, 283

Lwów ghetto, 153, 169, 177

destruction of, 212

Jewish council of, 169

Kuszewicz hospital in, 138–39, 154–56, 158, 169, 177, 212, 286

lab in, 167, 177

typhus in, 139–40, 154–58, 256

Lwów historical society, 76

Lwów Literary Club, 53

Lwów Prize, 97

Lwów school of mathematics, 50–53, 113, 132, 147–48

Lwowska Gazeta
, 174

Lwów Society for the History of Medicine, 56–57

Lydtin, Kurt, 183–84

Lyme disease, 17

Majdanek, 192, 284

Makhno, Nestor, 32

Makovicka, Karl, 242

malaria, 17

Malchow camp, 257

malignant fever, 24

malnutrition, 224

Malraux, André, 248–49

Manchuria, 96

Man’s Fate
(Malraux), 249

Man’s Hope
(Malraux), 249

Mariani, Giacomo, 95–96

“Marseillaise,” 12, 251

Martynowicz, Michał, 62, 97

Martynowicz, Rozalia, 62–63

Massawa, 95

mathematicians, 50–53

Mather, Cotton, 91

Matura
, 97

Mazur, Stanisław, 50

McCarthy era, 281

medical ethics, 103–5, 140–41, 173–74

in research, 62, 173, 191–92, 201, 207, 216, 265–68, 270–72, 288

medical personnel:

Nazi protection of, 137–38

typhus deaths of, 24, 28–29, 64–65

Medical Research Council, 266

medical thinking, 56–58

Meisel, Felicja, 171–72

Meisel, Henryk, 171–72, 256–57, 290–92

Meisel, Paula, 171–72, 256, 290

Mellanby, Edward, 266

Mellanby, Kenneth, 266

memoirs, of Holocaust survivors, 100

Mengele, Josef, 224

mental defectives, 268

mentally ill, 138, 288

Mephistopheles (char.), 4

Metamorphosis, The
(Kafka), 91

Metuchen, 281

Mexico, 29

mice, typhus research on, 159, 188–89, 193, 204, 239, 246

Micheels, Louis J., 219–20, 226

Microbe Hunters
(de Kruif), 58

microbiology, 56

microbiomes, 5

microorganisms, 91

microscopy, 16, 71

Mikols, Henry, 208–9

military clinics, 108

Minden prison camp, 264–65

minority rights, in Poland, 73

missionaries, 65–66, 96, 98

mitochondria, of mammals, 21

Mongolia, 65

Monowitz, 221

Montana, 94–95

Moravia, 15

Morell, Theodor, 186

Morgen, Konrad, 207, 220, 236–37

Morocco, 94, 96

Moscow, 23, 24, 33, 34, 110, 114, 180

siege of, 186

Mosing, Henryk, 61, 135, 160, 231, 277, 289

research of, 277, 300

Weigl eulogy of, 289

mosquitoes, 17

Mrugowsky, Joachim, 80, 89–90, 92–93, 175–76, 191, 202, 204, 209, 212, 229, 233

Ding rivalry with, 241

racial views of, 192–93

testimony of, 268–71

Müller, Bruno, 106

Munich, 252–53

murine typhus, 20–21, 188

Mussolini, Benito, 106

Musulmänner, 102

Naples, 299

typhus in, 299

Napoleon, Emperor of the French, 13, 24

Narbutowicz, Barbara, 292, 294

Nature
, 295

Natzweiler camp, 188

Nauck, Ernst G., 120, 141, 269, 272

Nazi Germany, 76–77, 86, 101, 135, 230

anti-Semitism in, 79–80, 90, 93, 119–20, 127–28, 141–42

extermination methods of, 193

infighting of, 186–89

resistance against, 107, 108, 122, 128, 136, 161–64, 171, 173, 194, 214–16, 219–20, 234, 237, 249, 252, 253, 256, 268, 275

Nazi-hunting, 264, 281

Nazi ideology, 5, 75, 84, 90–91, 100–101, 118, 140–41, 267

cleansing the race in, 80, 89–90, 100–101, 103, 141–42, 187, 192

in everyday life, 267–68

Nazi medicine, 5, 7, 10–11, 25, 64, 79–80, 89–94, 118–19, 140–42, 173–74

experiments of, 190–93

self-fulfillng prophecies of, 118–21

typhus panic of, 187

Nazi party, 81, 93

Nazi prisons, 99, 106

Nazi propaganda, 101,
118
, 174, 180, 183, 185–86

film of, 130

Nazi SS, 3, 6, 7–9, 79, 99, 127–28, 141–42, 169, 178, 251

contradictions of, 154, 228–29

doctors of, 89–94, 99, 103–5, 167, 191–92, 203, 216,
217
, 218–20, 226, 247

economic officials of, 218

guards in, 100, 102, 104

Hygiene Institute of, 192–93, 229–30, 232

judge in, 207, 220, 236–37

killing squads of, 131–32, 169

Main Administrative and Economic Unit of, 212

political prisoners and, 197–98

Third Reich aristocracy of, 80

typhus research of, 7, 11, 79, 106–8, 122, 190

women of, 221

Nazi storm troopers (SA), 81

Nazi war criminals, 236, 264

amnesties for, 265

hanging of, 265

Ness Ziona:

bacteriology lab at, 294–96

Fleck building at, 297

Newman, Paul, 280

New York, N.Y., immigrants in, 18

Nicolle, Charles, 24–25, 31, 62,
63
, 97

night terrors, 99

nitpicking, 13

nits, 13

nitwit, 13

NKVD, 3, 78, 110, 116, 123–24, 126–27

Lwów actions of, 110

prisoner murder by, 126–27

and Weigl, 275–76

Nobel Prize, 25, 97, 135, 289

nonaggression pact, 109–10

Nordics, in Nazi view, 90, 93

“normal science,” 296

Normandy invasion, 250–51

North Africa, 94–96

typhus in, 181, 195, 299

war theater of, 181

Novonikolaevsk, 34

numb extremities, 22

Nuremberg, 248, 250

blaming the dead at, 268

Doctors’ Trial at, 191, 199, 265, 267–71, 288

Nazi defendants at, 267–71

Nuremberg Code, 265, 288

nurses, 24, 34, 254

Nusbaum-Hilarowicz, Józef, 15–16, 42, 53

nutrition, 89

Occupied Eastern Territories, 118–19

Ogielski, Lesław, 162

Ogrodzi
ska, Halina, 171–72

Ohrdruf, 260

“On the Specific Characteristics of Medical Thinking” (Fleck), 56–57

Operation Barbarossa, 125, 180

Operation Paperclip, 266

Opie
ska-Blauth, Janina, 168, 286–87

orderlies, 34

Orlicz, Władisław, 148–49

Ortwin, Ostap, 53

Ossolineum, 230

Ostmark, 93

Otto, Richard, 94, 167

Ottoman army, 25, 28

Pact with the Devil
(Wójcik), 274–75

Palestine, 75, 280, 287

Pa
szczyk, Mieczysław, 214

paradigm shift, 3, 296

parasitology, 63, 239

paratyphoid bacteria, 193

Paris, 8, 55, 130, 193

Parnas, Józef, 296

partisans, 257

postwar treatment of, 284

passage people, 204, 239

passive immune serum, 31

Pasteur Institute, 12, 16, 24–25, 55, 62, 63, 94, 194–95, 202, 204, 233, 248

Algiers branch of, 114, 269

Casablanca branch of, 94, 96

manipulation of Nazis by, 194–95

manual of, 239

Nazi overtures to, 193–94

postwar at, 266

Tunis branch of, 94, 193

vaccine of, 194–95, 204, 233, 238, 269

pathogenic organisms, new forms of, 17

peasantry, 35, 67, 112, 128, 182

Pediculus humanus capitis
, 1–2

Pediculus humanus humanus
, 1–2

Peruvian Andes, 301

pesticide sprayers, 299

Petach Tikva, 280

petechial rash, 21, 107

Peters, Gerhard, 193

Petlura, Symon, 130

Pettenkofer, Max von, 89

Peulevé, Harry, 254–55

pharmaceutical experts, 191

pH buffering, 240

phenobarbital, 185

phenol, 69, 147, 199

philosophy, sociology of science, 3, 10–11

Pianist, The
(Szpilman), 121

Piłsudska, Aleksandra, 26

Piłsudski, Józef, 26, 32–33, 46, 49, 83

Pius XII, Pope, 98

Plaszów, 252

plebiscite, 112

Pleszczy
ska, Ewa, 287

Plotz, Harry, 29–30, 34–35

pneumonia, 101, 157

pogroms, 34–35, 38, 46, 72–73, 128–31

Pohl, Oswald, 212, 218, 220

poisoning, 250

Poland, Poles, 15–16, 33, 35