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125
. Gilmore, “Malaria Wins Round 2.”

126
. Institute of Medicine,
Saving Lives, Buying Time
, 260.

127
. Elisabeth Rosenthal, “Outwitted by Malaria.”

128
. I. Singh and T. S. Kalyanum, “The Superiority of ‘Camoquin’ over Other Antimalarials,”
British Medical Journal
2, no. 4779 (August 9, 1952): 312–15.

129
. C. M. Trenholme et al., “Mefloquine (WR 142,490) in the Treatment of Human Malaria,”
Science
190, no. 4216 (November 21, 1975): 792–94.

130
. T. M. Cosgriff et al., “Evaluation of the Antimalarial Activity of the Phenanthrenemethanol Halofantrine (WR 171,669),”
American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
31, no. 6 (November 1982): 1075–79.

131
. N. J. White, “Quinidine in Falciparum Malaria,”
Lancet
318, no. 8255 (November 1981): 1069–71.

132
. Cosgriff, “Evaluation of the Antimalarial Activity of the Phenanthrenemethanol Halofantrine (WR 171,669),” 1075–97.

133
. U. D’Alessandro and H. Buttiëns, “History and Importance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance,”
Tropical Medicine and International Health
6, no. 11 (November 2001): 845–48.

134
. Rosenthal, “Outwitted by Malaria.”

135
. Wernsdorfer, “Epidemiology of Drug Resistance in Malaria,” 143–56.

136
. Pamela McElwee, “ ‘There Is Nothing That Is difficult’: History and Hardship on and After the Ho Chi Minh Trail in North Vietnam,”
Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology
6, no. 3 (December 2005): 197–214.

137
. Ibid.

138
. “Military Scientist Took War on Malaria from Jungle to Market,”
South China Morning Post
, January 1, 2006, 5.

139
. John Prados,
The Blood Road: The Ho Chi Minh Trail and the Vietnam War
(New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1999), xiv.

140
. D’Alessandro and Buttiëns, “History and Importance of Antimalarial Drug Resistance,” 845–48, and Walter Modell, “Malaria and Victory in Vietnam,”
Science
162, no. 3860 (December 1968): 1346–52; Gilmore, “Malaria Wins Round 2.”

141
. Vivien Cui, “Military Scientist Took War on Malaria from Jungle to Market,”
South China Morning Post
, January 1, 2006, 5; Merrill Goozner, “The First 13-Year-Old Patient,”
The Scientist
20, no. 12 (December 2006).

142
. Qinghaosu Antimalaria Coordinating Research Group, “Antimalaria Studies on Qinghaosu,”
Chinese Medical Journal
92 (December 1979): 811–16.

143
. Ibid.

144
. Elisabeth Hsu, “Reflections on the ‘Discovery’ of the Antimalarial
Qinghao
,”
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
61, no. 6 ( June 2006): 666–70.

145
. T. T. Hien and N. J. White, “Qinghaosu,”
The Lancet
341, no. 8845 (March 6, 1993): 603–608.

146
. Cui, “Military Scientist Took War on Malaria from Jungle to Market”; Qinghaosu Antimalaria Coordinating Research Group, “Antimalaria Studies on Qinghaosu.”

147
. Hsu, “Reflections on the ‘Discovery’ of the Antimalarial
Qinghao
,” 666–70.

148
. Ibid.

149
. Qinghaosu Antimalaria Coordinating Research Group, “Antimalaria Studies on Qinghaosu.”

150
. Walther H. Wernsdorfer, “Drug Resistance of Malaria Parasites,” Twentieth Expert Committee on Malaria, working paper MAL/ECM/20/98/15, undated.

151
. Médecins Sans Frontières, “ACT NOW to Get Malaria Treatment That Works to Africa,” April 2003.

152
. “Herbal Vietnam War Remedy Key to Cheap Malaria Cure,”
Edmonton Journal
, November 16, 2003.

153
. David Lague, “Revolutionary Discovery,”
Far Eastern Economic Review
, March 14, 2002.

154
. Goozner, “The First 13-Year-Old Patient.”

155
. Qinghaosu Antimalaria Coordinating Research Group, “Antimalaria Studies on Qinghaosu.”

156
. Hsu, “Reflections on the ‘Discovery’ of the Antimalarial
Qinghao
,” 666–70.

157
. Lague, “Revolutionary Discovery.”

158
. Carrie Chan, “Malaria Expert Close to Achieving His Dream,”
South China Morning Post
, March 6, 2003.

159
. Andrew Jack, “Monotherapy ‘Saves the Lives of So Many,’”
Financial Times
, January 20, 2006, 10.

160
. Cui, “Military Scientist Took War on Malaria from Jungle to Market,” 5.

161
. Ibid.

162
. “Novartis Malaria Drug Riamet Wins Marketing Approval in Switzerland”; “Novartis in Talks with WHO over Cheaper Malaria Drugs”; Agence France Presse, May 3, 2001.

163
. “Novartis Malaria Drug Riamet Wins Marketing Approval in Switzerland”; “Novartis in Talks with WHO over Cheaper Malaria Drugs”; Gatonye Gathura, “WHO Warns Malaria Drug Makers,”
The Nation
(Kenya), January 26, 2006; Jack, “Monotherapy ‘Saves the Lives of So Many,’ ” 10.

164
. Institute of Medicine,
Saving Lives, Buying Time
, 174

165
. Médecins Sans Frontières, “ACT NOW to Get Malaria Treatment That Works to Africa.”

166
. Institute of Medicine,
Saving Lives, Buying Time
, 175.

167
. Amir Attaran et al., “WHO, the Global Fund, and Medical Malpractice in Malaria Treatment,”
Lancet
363 ( January 17, 2004): 237–40.

168
. Médecins Sans Frontières, “ACT NOW to Get Malaria Treatment That Works to Africa.”

169
. Ibid.

170
. Melody Peterson, “Novartis Agrees to Lower Price of a Medicine Used in Africa,”
New York Times
, May 3, 2001.

171
. Donald G. McNeil, “New Drug for Malaria Pits U.S. Against Africa,”
New York Times
, May 28, 2002.

172
. Rick Steketee, “Policy Change to Use Effective Antimalarial Drugs in Programs—CDC Experience,” Roll Back Malaria partners meeting, Geneva, February 26–28, 2002, available at
www.rbm.who.int/docs/5pm_presentations/Steketee.ppt
.

173
. Donald G. McNeil, “Herbal Drug Widely Embraced in Treating Resistant Malaria,”
New York Times
, May 10, 2004, 1.

174
. Gavin Yamey, “Global Health Agencies Are Accused of Incompetence,”
British Medical Journal
321, no. 7264 (September 30, 2000): 787.

175
. Attaran et al., “WHO, the Global Fund, and Medical Malpractice in Malaria Treatment.”

176
. Institute of Medicine,
Saving Lives, Buying Time
, 313.

177
. “WHO Calls for an Immediate Halt to Provision of Single-drug Artemisinin Malaria Pills,” press release, January 20, 2006.

178
. McNeil, “New Drug for Malaria Pits U.S. Against Africa.”

179
. Yamey, “Global Health Agencies Are Accused of Incompetence.”

180
. Jeanne Whalen, “Novartis Cuts Price of Coartem to Help Fight Malaria in Africa,”
Wall Street Journal
, October 2, 2006.

181
. Donald G. McNeil, “Drug Partnership Introduces Cheap Antimalaria Pill,”
New York Times
, March 1, 2007.

182
. Institute of Medicine,
Saving Lives, Buying Time
, 9.

183
. Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Global Fund Eighteenth Board Meeting Decision Point, GF/B18/DP7, Eighteenth Board Meeting, New Delhi, India, November 7–8, 2008.

184
. Institute of Medicine,
Saving Lives, Buying Time
, 116.

185
. Médecins Sans Frontières, “ACT NOW to Get Malaria Treatment That Works to Africa.”

186
. Gathura, “WHO Warns Malaria Drug Makers.”

187
. Jack, “Monotherapy ‘Saves the Lives of So Many,’”
Financial Times
, January 20, 2006, 10.

188
. Ibid.

189
. Institute of Medicine,
Saving Lives, Buying Time
, 317.

190
. Médecins Sans Frontières, “ACT NOW to Get Malaria Treatment That Works to Africa.”

191
. McNeil, “Herbal Drug Widely Embraced in Treating Resistant Malaria.”

192
. Ferrer-Rodriguez et al., “
Plasmodium Yoelii
: Identification and Partial Characterization of an
MDR1
Gene in an Artemisinin-Resistant Line,”
Journal of Parasitology
90 (2004): 152–60.

193
. Patrick E. Duffy and Carol Hopkins Sibley, “Are We Losing Artemisinin Combination Therapy Already?”
Lancet
366, no. 9501 (December 3, 2005): 1908–909; Ronan Jambou et al., “Resistance of
Plasmodium falciparum
Field Isolates to in-vitro Artemether and Point Mutations of the SERCA-type PfATPase6,”
Lancet
366, no. 9501 (December 3, 2005): 1960–63.

194
. Duffy and Sibley, “Are We Losing Artemisinin Combination Therapy Already?” 1908–09; Jambou et al., “Resistance of
Plasmodium falciparum
Field Isolates,” 1960–63.

195
. World Health Organization, Report of an Informal Consultation, “Containment of Malaria Multi-drug Resistance on the Cambodia-Thailand Border,” Phnom Penh, January 29–30, 2007. In January 2009, a study reported that ACT-resistant
falciparum
had spread beyond the Cambodia-Thai border and deeper into southern Cambodia. W. O. Rogers et al., “Failure of Artesunate-mefloquine Combination Therapy for Uncomplicated
Plasmodium falciparum
Malaria in Southern Cambodia,”
Malaria Journal
8, no. 10 ( January 12, 2009).

196
. Donald G. McNeil, “Drug Makers Get a Warning from the U.N. Malaria Chief,”
New York Times
, January 20, 2006.

197
. Gathura, “WHO Warns Malaria Drug Makers.”

198
. Nicholas Zamiska, “Infectious Issue: Global Health, China’s Pride on Line in Malaria Clash,”
Wall Street Journal
, March 6, 2007.

199
. Donald G. McNeil, “An Iron Fist Joins the Malaria Wars,”
New York Times
, June 27, 2006.

200
. Paul N. Newton et al., “Manslaughter by Fake Artesunate in Asia—Will Africa Be Next?”
PLoS Medicine
3, no. 6 ( June 2006).

201
. Paul N. Newton et al., “A Collaborative Epidemiological Investigation into the Criminal Fake Artesunate Trade in South East Asia,”
PLoS Medicine
5, no. 2 (February 2008); Walt Bogdanich and Jake Hooker, “Battle Against Counterfeit Drugs Has New Weapon: Pollen,”
New York Times
, February 12,
2008; Reuters, “Fake Malaria Drugs Threatening Africa, Says Expert,”
Gulfnews.com
, July 24, 2006; Newton et al., “Manslaughter by Fake Artesunate in Asia—Will Africa Be Next?”

202
. Willard H. Wright,
Forty Years of Tropical Medicine Research: A History of the Gorgas Memorial Institute of Tropical and Preventive Medicine, Inc., and the Gorgas Memorial Laboratory
(Baltimore, Md.: Reese Press, 1970), 52.

203
. Richard M. Garfield and Sten H. Vermund, “Changes in Malaria Incidence After Mass Drug Administration in Nicaragua,”
Lancet
, 2, no. 8348 (1983): 500–03.