The Fiery Trial (67 page)

45.
John J. Crittenden to Lincoln, November 26, 1861, ALP;
CW
, 5: 48–50;
Chicago Tribune
, December 9, 1861.

46.
New York Times
, December 4 and 5, 1861; Blaine,
Twenty Years
, 1: 352–53; Merrill,
Letters of William Lloyd Garrison
, 5: 47, 53; S. York to Lyman Trumbull, December 5, 1861; John H. Bryant to Trumbull, December 8, 1861, both in LTP.

47.
C. H. Ray to Trumbull, December 6, 1861, LTP; Mary F. Berry,
Military Necessity and Civil Rights Policy
(Port Washington, N.Y., 1977), 29–30, 37; Levin Tilmon to Lincoln, April 8, 1861, ALP; Hahn,
Political Worlds
, 70.

48.
Symonds,
Lincoln and His Admirals
, 165–66;
OR
, 2 ser., 1: 773; Arnold,
History of Abraham Lincoln
, 236;
Chicago Tribune
, December 7 and 9, 1861.

49.
William B. Parker,
The Life and Public Services of Justin Smith Morrill
(Boston, 1924), 127;
New York Times
, December 4, 1861.

50.
Michael Burlingame, ed.,
Lincoln’s Journalist: John Hay’s Anonymous Writings for the Press, 1860–1864
(Carbondale, Ill., 1998), 176; McPherson,
Struggle for Equality
, 93; Allen T. Rice, ed.,
Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time
(New York, 1888), 60;
Washington Star
, January 4, 1862; James A. Cravens to Lincoln, January 5, 1862, ALP; Brownson,
Works of Orestes A. Brownson
, 17: 261.

51.
Freidel,
Union Pamphlets
, 1: 295; James B. Stewart,
Wendell Phillips: Liberty’s Hero
(Baton Rouge, 1986), 227–38; Burlingame,
Lincoln’s Journalist
, 233–35; Wendell Phillips,
Speeches, Lectures, and Letters
(Boston, 1863), 419; McPherson,
Struggle for Equality
, 83–85.

52.
Harper’s Weekly
, April 20, 1861;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 1266, 3132; William G. Sewell,
The Ordeal of Free Labor in the British West Indies
(New York, 1861), 324;
Chicago Tribune
, August 11, 1862; Sarah F. Hughes, ed.,
Letters and Recollections of John Murray Forbes
(2 vols.; Boston, 1899), 1: 309–13.

53.
Gideon Welles,
Lincoln and Seward
(New York, 1874), 132; James C. Conkling to Trumbull, December 16, 1861, LTP; Howard K. Beale, ed.,
The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866
(Washington, D.C., 1933), 220.

54.
Springfield Weekly Republican
, December 7, 1861;
New York Times
, December 3, 1861;
Chicago Tribune
, December 5, 1861;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 15, 36, 82.

55.
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 5, 6, 26, 78; Edward Magdol,
Owen Lovejoy: Abolitionist in Congress
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1967), 299;
Chicago Tribune
, December 5, 1861; D. L. Linegar to Trumbull, December 7, 1861, LTP;
New York Herald
, December 31, 1861.

56.
OR
, ser. 2, 1: 783;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 10, 26, 264, 310, 762;
CW
, 5: 72;
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly
, December 21, 1861.

57.
Arnold,
History of Abraham Lincoln
, 251–53; John Bigelow, ed.,
Letters and Literary Memorials of Samuel J. Tilden
(2 vols.; New York, 1908), 1: 164–65;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 182, 355; appendix, 28; Reverdy Johnson to Lincoln, January 16, 1862, ALP; Wagandt,
Mighty Revolution
, 36.

58.
New York Times
, December 17, 1861;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 2203, 3002; Leonard P. Curry,
Blueprint for Modern America: Nonmilitary Legislation of the First Civil War Congress
(Nashville, 1968), 58–59; Timothy O. Howe to James H. Howe, December 31, 1861, Timothy O. Howe Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin.

59.
Henry J. Raymond,
The Life and Public Services of Abraham Lincoln
(New York, 1865), 773; Harold Holzer,
Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter, 1860–1861
(New York, 2008), 121; William Slade to Lincoln, November 22, 1864, ALP;
CW
, 4: 494; Michael Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
(2 vols.; Baltimore, 2008), 2: 92; Magdol,
Owen Lovejoy
, 276–77.

60.
Richard Carwardine,
Lincoln
(London, 2003), 196–97; James R. Gilmore,
Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War
(Boston, 1898), 99; M. A. De Wolfe Howe,
The Life and Letters of George Bancroft
(2 vols.; New York, 1908), 2: 147; Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher, eds.,
Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln
(Stanford, 1996), 118; Henry D. Bacon to Samuel L. M. Barlow, January 20, 1862, Samuel L. M. Barlow Papers, HL; Allan Nevins and Milton H. Thomas, eds.,
The Diary of George Templeton Strong
(4 vols.; New York, 1952), 3: 204–5. In his autobiography, published in 1904, Conway considerably embellished his account of his meeting with Lincoln, writing that the president urged him to “go home and try to bring the people to your view, and you may say anything you like about me, if that will help.” Moncure D. Conway,
Autobiography: Memories and Experiences
(2 vols.; Boston, 1904), 1: 345–46.

61.
Douglass’ Monthly
, 4 (January 1862), 577;
Liberator
, January 3, 1862;
Independent
, January 23, 1862; Basler,
Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln: First Supplement
, 69; W. E. B. Du Bois,
The Suppression of the African Slave-Trade to the United
States of America, 1638–1870
(New York, 1896), 109; William Lee Miller,
President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman
(New York, 2008), 244–52; Jenny Martinez, “Antislavery Courts and the Dawn of International Human Rights Law,”
Yale Law Journal
, 117 (January 2008), 550–642; Karen F. Younger, “Liberia and the Last Slave Ships,”
CWH
, 54 (December 2008), 424–42;
Weekly Anglo-African
, March 1, 1862.

62.
Fehrenbacher and Fehrenbacher,
Recollected Words
, 123;
Harper’s Weekly
, February 22, 1862; W. A. Gorman to Henry Wilson, December 22, 1861, Henry Wilson Papers, LC; Berlin,
Freedom
, ser. 1, 1: 17–18; Arnold,
History of Abraham Lincoln
, 261;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 76.

63.
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 944, 955, 958–59, 1143; Fabrikant, “Emancipation,” 403.

64.
Beverly W. Palmer, ed.,
The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner
(2 vols.; Boston, 1990), 2: 85–93;
CW
, 5: 144–46.

65.
Donald,
Charles Sumner
, 346;
Liberator
, March 14, 1862; Carl Schurz,
The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz
(3 vols.; New York, 1907–8), 2: 320;
Weekly Anglo-African
, March 22, 1862.

66.
Harper’s Weekly
, March 22, 1862;
Chicago Tribune
, March 20, 1862;
New York Tribune
, March 7, 1862;
Baltimore Sun
, March 8, 1862; Winfield Scott to William H. Seward, March 8, 1862, ALP;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 1149, 1179, 1198, 1496, 1815–18;
Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly
, March 22, 1862.

67.
Irving H. Bartlett, ed., “New Light on Wendell Phillips: The Community of Reform,”
Perspectives in American History
, 12 (1979), 8; Fehrenbacher and Fehrenbacher,
Recollected Words
, 356.

68.
McPherson,
Political History
, 210–11;
New York Tribune
, July 14, 1862.

69.
Philip S. Foner,
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
(5 vols.; New York, 1950–75), 3: 123;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 1172, 1175, 2917;
Harper’s Weekly
, April 12, 1862; Francis S. Corkran to Montgomery Blair, May 20, 1862, ALP;
New York Times
, April 3, 1862.

70.
Montgomery Blair to Lincoln, March 5, [1862], ALP; Wagandt,
Mighty Revolution
, 62;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 1359.

71.
Liberator
, March 28, 1862.

72.
Holzer,
Lincoln President-Elect
, 409; Robert Harrison, “An Experimental Station for Lawmaking: Congress and the District of Columbia, 1862–1878,”
CWH
, 53 (March 2007), 32;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 1191, 1300, 1523, 1526.

73.
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 1191, 1266, 1300–1301, 1333–34, 1359, 1492, 1520–23; Curry,
Blueprint
, 39–41.

74.
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 1336; John W. Crisfield to Mary Crisfield, April 25, 1862, John W. Crisfield Papers, Maryland Historical Society;
BD
, 1: 541;
CW
, 5: 169, 192; Nevins and Thomas,
Diary of George Templeton Strong
, 3: 216–17.

75.
Michael J. Kurtz, “Emancipation in the Federal City,”
CWH
, 24 (September 1978), 256;
Independent
, June 26, 1862; Daniel R. Goodloe, “Emancipation in the District of Columbia,”
South-Atlantic
, 6 (1880), 245–70; Noah Brooks,
Washington in Lincoln’s Time
(New York, 1895), 201;
Washington Star
in
New York Times
, December 27, 1887.

76.
African Repository
, 38 (August 1862), 243; Harrison, “Experimental Station,” 33; Burlingame,
Dispatches
, 78.

77.
Annapolis Gazette
in
Easton Gazette
(Maryland), May 10, 1862; Charles B. Calvert to Lincoln, May 6, 1862; John H. Bayne to Lincoln, July 3, 1862, both in ALP; Ward Hill Lamon,
Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, 1847–1865
, ed. Dorothy Lamon (Chicago, 1895), 249–54; Henry G. Pearson,
James Wadsworth of Genesco
(New York, 1913), 134–40; Wagandt,
Mighty Revolution
, 119–20.

78.
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 2623, 2231.

79.
Roger N. Buckley,
Slaves in Red Coats: The British West India Regiments, 1795–1815
(New Haven, 1979); Christopher L. Brown and Philip D. Morgan, eds.,
Arming Slaves: From Classical Times to the Modern Age
(New Haven, 2006); Berry,
Military Necessity
, 29–33; Jonathan Brigham,
James Harlan
(Iowa City, 1913), 170; Salter,
Life of James W. Grimes
, 196;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 2971; James G. Smart, ed.,
A Radical View: The “Agate” Dispatches of Whitelaw Reid, 1861–1865
(2 vols.; Memphis, 1976), 2: 71–72.

80.
New York Herald
, December 10, 1861;
New York Times
, February 24, 1862;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 18, 2243; appendix, 194; Hamilton,
Limits of Sovereignty
, 7–9; Siddali,
From Property to Person
, 139–41.

81.
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 1137, 2917–20, 2929, 2999; Jason Marsh to Trumbull, May 26, 1862, LTP.

82.
Arnold,
History of Abraham Lincoln
, 259–60;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 2042–44, 2068, 2618.

83.
Joseph C. G. Kennedy,
Population of the United States in 1860
(Washington, D.C., 1864), 557, 575; John A. Clark to Elihu B. Washburne, December 8, 1861, Elihu B. Washburne Papers, LC;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 2527.

84.
William Aikman,
The Future of the Colored Race in America
(New York, 1862), 10. This essay originally appeared in the
Presbyterian Quarterly Review
for July 1862, and subsequently in pamphlet form.

85.
George B. McClellan to Samuel L. M. Barlow, November 8, 1861, Barlow Papers, HL; Gienapp,
Abraham Lincoln
, 97–98.

7
“Forever Free”

1.
Edward A. Miller,
Lincoln’s Abolitionist General: The Biography of David Hunter
(Columbia, S.C., 1997), 96–104; Mark Grimsley,
The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy toward Southern Civilians, 1861–1865
(New York, 1995), 127.

2.
Grimsley,
Hard Hand of War
, 127; Salmon P. Chase to Lincoln, May 16, 1862, ALP;
CW
, 5: 219, 222–23.

3.
Frederic Bancroft, ed.,
Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of Carl Schurz
(6 vols.; New York, 1913), 1: 206;
CW
, 5: 222–23; Burrus M. Carnahan,
Act of Justice: Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation and the Law of War
(Lexington, Ky., 2007), 101–2; George W. Smalley to Sydney Howard Gay, June 21, 1862, GP;
Chicago Tribune
, May 24, 1862.

4.
Miller,
Lincoln’s Abolitionist General
, 104–6.

5.
Judkin Browning, “Visions of Freedom and Civilization Opening before Them: African Americans Search for Autonomy during Military Occupation in North Carolina,” in Paul D. Escott, ed.,
North Carolinians in the Era of the Civil War and Reconstruction
(Chapel Hill, 2008), 74–75; Leon F. Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery
(New York, 1979), 52–57; Steven V. Ash,
Middle Tennessee Society Transformed, 1860–1870: War and Peace in the Upper South
(Baton Rouge, 1988), 106–9; C. Peter Ripley,
Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana
(Baton Rouge, 1976), 13–23; J. Carlyle Sitterson,
Sugar Country
(Lexington, Ky., 1953), 207–11;
New York Times
, December 30, 1861;
OR
, ser. 1, 10, pt. 2: 162–63.

6.
Donald Yacovone, ed.,
A Voice of Thunder: The Civil War Letters of George E. Stephens
(Urbana, Ill., 1997), 17, 203–4; Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, undated (mid-June 1862), GP; Theodore Clarke Smith,
The Life and Letters of James A. Garfield
(2 vols.; New Haven, 1925), 1: 211–12; Sarah F. Hughes, ed.,
Letters (Supplementary) of John Murray Forbes
(3 vols.; Boston, 1905), 1–2; Chandra Manning,
What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War
(New York, 2007), 43–50; D. D. Phillips to Lyman Trumbull, July 5, 1862, LTP.

7.
Private and Official Correspondence of Gen. Benjamin F. Butler during the Period of the Civil War
(5 vols.; Norwood, Mass., 1917), 1: 516–18, 613–15; 2: 41;
OR
, ser. 1, 15: 485–90; Louis S. Gerteis,
From Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy toward Southern Blacks, 1861–1865
(Westport, Conn., 1973), 65–71.

8.
Joseph Logsdon,
Horace White, Nineteenth-Century Liberal
(Westport, Conn., 1971), 90;
New York Tribune
, June 13, 1862.

9.
Duane Mowry, ed., “Reconstruction Documents,”
Publications of the Southern History Association
, 8 (July 1904), 292; Silvana R. Siddali,
From Property to Person: Slavery and the Confiscation Acts, 1861–1862
(Baton Rouge, 2005), 147–49;
Boston Daily Advertiser
, August 20, 1862;
Independent
, July 10, 1862.

10.
Irving Katz,
August Belmont: A Political Biography
(New York, 1968), 120; William C. Davis,
Lincoln’s Men
(New York, 1999), 90–91; Carl Schurz to Lincoln, May 19, 1862, ALP.

11.
CW
, 5: 278–79;
Liberator
, July 4, 1862.

12.
Bancroft,
Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers
, 1: 209; James R. Gilmore,
Personal Recollections of Abraham Lincoln and the Civil War
(Boston, 1898), 80; J. W. Edmonds, “What Shall Be the End?”
Continental Monthly
, 2 (July 1862), 4.

13.
William C. Harris,
With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union
(Lexington, Ky., 1997), 20–23, 40–50, 83–84;
CW
, 5: 302–3;
New York Times
, June 4, 1862; Leroy P. Graf and Ralph W. Haskins, ed.,
The Papers of Andrew Johnson
(16 vols.; Knoxville, 1967–2000), 5: 210–11, 231.

14.
Vincent Colyer,
Report of the Services Rendered by the Freed People to the United States Army…
(New York, 1864), 43–47;
OR
, ser. 1, 9: 395–402;
New York Times
, May 31, 1862;
Harper’s Weekly
, June 21, 1862;
New York Evening Post
, June 17, 1862.

15.
Colyer,
Report
, 5, 51; Harris,
With Charity for All
, 60–66; Virginia J. Laas, ed.,
Wartime Washington: The Civil War Correspondence of Elizabeth Blair Lee
(Urbana, Ill., 1991), 156; Graf and Haskins,
Papers of Andrew Johnson
, 5: 451–52.

16.
CW
, 5: 317–18.

17.
New York Tribune
, July 14, 1862; Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, undated July 15, 1862), GP; Edward McPherson,
The Political History of the United States during the Great Rebellion
(2nd ed.; Washington, D.C., 1865), 214–18.

18
Isaac N. Arnold,
The History of Abraham Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery
(Chicago, 1866), 287–88;
CW
, 5: 324; Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, July 14, 1862, GP.

19.
Philadelphia Press
in
Chicago Tribune
, July 18, 1862;
New York Times
, July 22, 1862; Richard Yates and Catharine Yates Pickering,
Richard Yates: Civil War Governor
(Danville, Ill., 1966), 174;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 3199.

20.
Mary F. Berry,
Military Necessity and Civil Rights Policy
(Port Washington, N.Y., 1977), 41–42; George P. Sanger, ed.,
The Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America
, vol. 12 (Boston, 1863), 597–600;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 3198.

21.
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 3200–3201;
Chicago Tribune
, July 14, 1862.

22.
Arnold,
History of Abraham Lincoln
, 277; Sanger,
Statutes at Large
, 589–92.

23.
Siddali,
From Property to Person
, 232; Patricia M. L. Lucie, “Confiscation: Constitutional Crossroads,”
CWH
, 23 (December 1977), 307; George S. Merriam,
The Life and Times of Samuel Bowles
(2 vols.; New York, 1885), 1: 353;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 2898.

24.
BD
, 1: 558–60; Michael Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
(2 vols.; Baltimore, 2008), 2: 358–59;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 3006, 3267–68, 3383, 3400;
CW
, 5: 329–31.

25.
George W. Julian,
Political Recollections, 1840–1872
(Chicago, 1884), 219–20;
Independent
, July 24, 1862;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 3382;
Harper’s Weekly
, July 26, 1862.

26.
H. Draper Hunt,
Hannibal Hamlin of Maine: Lincoln’s First Vice-President
(Syracuse, 1969), 428–29; Hannibal Hamlin to Lincoln, September 25, 1862, ALP; Matthew Pinkser, “Lincoln’s Summer of Emancipation,” in Harold Holzer and Sarah V. Gabbard, eds.,
Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment
(Carbondale, Ill., 2007), 81;
BD
, 1: 555; Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, undated (July 9, 1862), GP.

27.
Stephen W. Sears, ed.,
The Civil War Papers of George B. McClellan
(New York, 1989), 344–45; Grimsley,
Hard Hand of War
, 2–3.

28.
WD
, 1: 70; Albert Mordell, ed.,
Civil War and Reconstruction: Selected Essays by Gideon Welles
(New York, 1959), 236–39; Gideon Welles to Mary Welles, July 13, 1862, Gideon Welles Papers, LC. Much of Welles’s “diary” is not contemporaneous, but was written later.

29.
CP
, 1: 348–50.

30.
CW
, 5: 336–37.

31.
Milwaukee Morning Sentinel
, July 19, 1862.

32.
“The Cabinet on Emancipation,” July 22, 1862, Edwin M. Stanton Papers, LC;
CP
, 1: 350–52; 3: 236–37; F. B. Carpenter,
The Inner Life of Abraham Lincoln: Six Months at the White House
(New York, 1867), 20–22; Montgomery Blair to Lincoln, September 23, 1862, ALP.

33.
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, 1861–1862
(Washington, D.C., 1862), 713–14; Howard Jones,
Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom: The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War
(Lincoln, Neb., 1999), 9–10, 38–41, 48–53, 63–67, 70; Bancroft,
Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers
, 1: 185; Glyndon G. Van Deusen,
William Henry Seward
(New York, 1967), 330–34; Carl Schurz,
The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz
(3 vols.; New York, 1907–8), 2: 282–83; Frederick W. Seward,
Seward at Washington
(2 vols.; New York, 1891), 2: 118; “Cabinet on Emancipation,” July 22, 1862; Francis B. Cutting to Edwin M. Stanton, February 20, 1867, both in Stanton Papers, LC.

34.
Lerone Bennett,
Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln’s White Dream
(Chicago, 2000), 502–3;
New York Evening Post
in
Chicago Tribune
, July 26, 1862;
New York Tribune
, August 22, 1862;
Springfield Weekly Republican
, August 30, 1862.

35.
CW
, 5: 341;
OR
, ser. 1, 11, pt. 3: 359; ser. 3, 2: 397; Daniel E. Sutherland, “Abraham Lincoln, John Pope, and the Origins of Total War,”
Journal of Military History
, 56 (October 1992), 577–82.

36.
CW
, 5: 344–46, 350.

37.
Michael Burlingame, ed.,
Lincoln’s Journalist: John Hay’s Anonymous Writings for the Press, 1860–1864
(Carbondale, Ill., 1998), 309; Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, August 25, 1862, GP;
Chicago Tribune
, August 12, 1861.

38.
Robert Patterson to James R. Doolittle, April 15, 1862, James R. Doolittle Papers, LC;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, Appendix, 95.

39.
James Mitchell,
Report on Colonization and Emigration
(Washington, D.C., 1862), 5;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 1815, 2536; Henry G. Pearson,
The Life of John A. Andrew
(2 vols.; Boston, 1904), 2: 8; Brenda G. Plummer,
Haiti and the United States: The Psychological Moment
(Athens, Ga., 1992), 45–46; Alfred N. Hunt,
Haiti’s Influence on Antebellum America
(Baton Rouge, 1988), 186.

40.
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 944–46, 1605–6; James C. Conkling to Lyman Trumbull, December 16, 1861; Amherst Miller to Trumbull, January 24, 1862; W. W. Wright to Trumbull, July 7, 1862, all in LTP.

41.
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 348, 441, 1107, 1631–34, 2301; appendix, 322;
New York Times
, April 17, 1862.

42.
Leonard P. Richards,
“Gentlemen of Property and Standing”: Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America
(New York, 1970), 27–29; James L. Crouthamel,
James Watson Webb
(Middletown, Conn., 1969), 173;
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States
, 704; Mitchell,
Report on Colonization
, 8–9.

43.
Ambrose Thompson to Lincoln, April 25, 1862, ALP; Caleb B. Smith to Robert Murray, April 25, 1862; Smith to Lincoln, May 9, 1862, both in Letters Sent, September 8, 1858–February 1, 1872, RG 48, NA;
WD
, 1: 150–51;
CW
, 4: 547; James Mitchell to J. P. Usher, January 21, 1864, Communication Relating to Rev. James Mitchell, RG 48, NA. On Mitchell, see Mark E. Neely Jr., “Colonization and the Myth That Lincoln Prepared the People for Emancipation,” in William A. Blair and Karen F. Younger, eds.,
Lincoln’s Proclamation: Emancipation Reconsidered
(Chapel Hill, 2009), 58–60.

44.
Lowell Daily Citizen and News
, June 16, 1862; James Mitchell to Lincoln, July 1, 1862, ALP;
Pacific Appeal
, September 20, 1862; Mitchell,
Report on Colonization
, 5.