The First American Army (57 page)

10
. Thacher, p. 27.

11
. Scheer and Rankin, p. 55–64.

Chapter Two

1
. Harry Zobel,
The Boston Massacre,
New York: W. W. Norton, 1970, p. 191.

2
. Walter Muir Whitehill,
Boston’s Topographical History,
2d ed., Cambridge: Belknap Press of the Harvard University Press, 1968, pp. 3–45.

3
. Thomas O’Connor,
Bibles, Brahmins and Bosses, A Short History of Boston,
Public Library of the City of Boston, 1991, 2d ed., pp. 38–52.

4
.
Pennsylvania Journal,
August 2, 1775.

5
. Thomas Hutchinson, Ed.,
Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson, with an Account of His Administration,
Boston: Houghton, 1889–1896, in Commager,
Spirit of Seventy-Six,
I: 117–118.

6
. Elijah Fisher,
Elijah Fisher’s Journal While in the War for Independence and Continued Two Years After He Came to Maine, 1775–1784,
Augusta, ME: Press of Badger & Manley, 1880, p. 5.

7
. James Stevens,
The Journal of James Stevens, of Andover, Massachusetts, a Soldier in the American Revolution,
Salem, Mass., 1911, p. 7.

8
. From a letter in
Rivington’s Gazette
(NY), June 20, 1775.

9
. Stevens,
The Journal of James Stevens, of Andover, Massachusetts, a Soldier in the American Revolution,
p. 6.

10
. August diary notes of Sam Haws, Abraham Tomlinson,
The Military Journals of Two Private Soldiers, 1758—1775,
New York: DeCapo Press, 1971, pp. 64–70.

Chapter Three

1
. John Littell, ed.,
Alexander Graydon’s Memoirs of His Own Time,
Philadelphia: Lindsay & Blakiston, 1846, reprinted by the New York Times-Arno Press, 1969, p. 152.

2
. George Wingate Chase,
Diary of David How, a Private in Colonel Paul Dudley Sargent’s Regiment of the Massachusetts Line, in the Army of the American Revolution . . . with illustrative notes by Henry Dawson,
Morrisania, N.Y., 1865
,
entry May 27, 1775, p. 19.

3
. George Ewing,
Military Journal of George Ewing, 1754–1824, a Soldier of Valley Forge,
Yonkers, NY: Thomas Ewing, 1928, p. 26.

4
. Nathan Avery to David Avery, June 19, 1775; Papers of David Avery, Princeton Theological Seminary.

5
. Fisher,
Elijah Fisher’s Journal While in the War for Independence and Continued Two Years After the War in Maine, 1775–1784,
p. 5.

6
. Tomlinson, Haws,
Military Journals,
p. 82.

7
. Tomlinson
,
Haws
, Military Journals,
p. 77.

8
. Rev. David Avery, David Avery Papers.

9
. Leven Powell to Sarah Powell, February 24, 1776, William Dodd, Ed.,
John Branch Historical Papers of Macon-Randolph College,
Richmond: Everett Weoddry Co., 1902, pp. 29–31.

10
. GW to John Hancock, September 24, 1776, GWW VI:110–111; GW to William Livingston, January 4, 1777, GWW VII: 56; GW to Jack Custis, January 22, 1777, GWW VII: 52–53; GW to Lund Washington, Aug. 20, 1775, GWW III: 433; Scheer and Rankin, p. 81.

11
. Scheer and Rankin, p. 87.

12
. Jesse Lukens to John Shaw Jr., September 17, 1775, in Scheer and Rankin, p. 88; Richard Harwell, Ed., Douglass Southall Freeman,
George Washington,
abridged ed., p. 236.

13
. GWW III: 357.

14
. Scheer and Rankin, p. 78.

15
. Avery, Papers.

16
. Charles Bolton,
The Private Soldier Under Washington,
New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1902, p. 112–113; Stevens,
Journal.

17
. Chase,
Diary of David How,
entry of March 1, 1775, p. 9.

18
. John Lacey,
Memoirs,
PMHB, XXV, 1901, p. 12.

19
. William Richardson to William Smallwood, April 12, 1777, Papers Relating to the Maryland Line, p. 91.

20
. Joseph White, “The Good Soldier White,”
American Heritage,
June, 1956, pp. 5–6.

21
. Harwell,
George Washington,
abridged ed., p. 350.

22
. GW to Lord Stirling, January 19, 1777, GWW VII: 33.

23
. Jedediah Huntington to Jabez Huntington, Nov. 23, 1775, Huntington Papers, Connecticut Historical Society.

24
. John Adams to William Heath, October 5, 1775, Paul Smith,
Letters to the Delegates of Congress, 1774–1789,
26 vols., Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 1976, II: 112.

25
. Silas Deane to Elizabeth Deane, Dec. 15, 1775, Smith, II:488–489.

26
. John Hancock to the colonies, December 18, 1775, Smith, II: 444.

27
. Josiah Bartlett in Peter Force, Ed.,
American Archives V,
six series, 9 vols., Washington, D.C., 1837–1853, I: 404; Bolton,
The Private Soldier Under Washington,
p. 31.

Chapter Four

1
.
Pennsylvania Evening Post,
March 30, 1776.

2
. Timothy Newell,
Journal Kept During the Time That Boston Was Shut Up, 1775–1776,”
Massachusetts Historical Society Collections, Fourth Series, 2 vols., Boston, 1852. I: 274–275; Manasseh Cutler,
Life, Journals and Correspondence of the Rev. Manasseh Cutler, LLD,
Cincinnati: Robert Clark & Co., 1888.

Chapter Five

1
.
Virginia Gazette,
July 28, 1775.

2
. Scheer and Rankin, p. 128.

3
. Chase, ix.

4
. Gregory Knouff,
The Soldiers’ Revolution: Pennsylvania in Arms and the Forging of the Early American Identity,
University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003, pp. 77–79.

5
. Mark Lender and James Kirby Martin, Eds.,
Citizen Soldier: The Revolutionary War Journal of Joseph Bloomfield,
Newark, NJ: New Jersey Historical Society, 1982, p. 111.

6
. John Adams to Abigail Adams, September 2, 1777, L. H. Butterfield, ed.,
Adams Family Correspondence,
6 vols., Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1963–1993, II: 336.

7
. Mark Boatner,
The Encyclopedia of the American Revolution,
Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1994, pp. 263–264.

8
. Orderly Book of the First Pennsylvania Regiment, August 15, 1776.

9
. Knouff,
The Soldiers Revolution: Pennsylvania in Arms and the Forging of the Early American Identity,
pp. 84–89.

10
. James Thomas Flexner,
George Washington in the American Revolution,
1775–1783, Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1967, p. 35.

11
. Charles Royster,
A Revolutionary People at War, The Continental Army and American Character, 1775–1783,
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979, p. 59.

12
.
Boston Gazette,
April 22, 1776.

13
. When Joseph Reed, an aide to Washington, left the army he was elected “President” of Pennsylvania.

14
. George Fleming to Sebastian Baumann, January 21, 1778, Baumann Papers, New York State Historical Society.

15
.
New Jersey Gazette,
March 18, 1778.

16
. Sam Shaw to his father, May 13, 1777, Josiah Quincy
, The Journals of Major Samuel Shaw, the First Consul at Canton,
Boston: William Brosby and H. P. Nichols, 1847, p. 91.

17
. Boyle, Joseph Lee,
Writings from the Valley Forge Encampment of the Continental Army, December 19, 1777–June 19, 1778,
5 vols., Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, 2000-2004, II: 16.

Chapter Six

1
. Isaac,
The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–1790,
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982, p. 269.

2
. April 20, 1775, “Farnsworth’s Journal,” Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. 2d Series, XIII (1898, p. 79). 3. Royster,
A Revolutionary People at War: The Continental Army and American Character,
pp. 16–17. 4. Knouff,
The Soldiers’ Revolution
, 44.

5
. Samuel Cooper to his wife and children, July 18, 1775, Charles McKee, “Letters of a Soldier of the American Revolution,”
Connecticut Magazine,
X, (1906), p. 25.

6
. Royster,
A Revolutionary People at War,
p. 30.

7
. Quoted in petitions of Pennsylvania soldiers for pensions after the war, Knouff, p. 44.

8
. John Shy,
A People Armed and Dangerous: Reflections on the Military Struggle for American Independence,
New York: Oxford University Press, 1976, p. 168.

9
. “George Morison’s Journal,” Kenneth Roberts, ed.,
Marching to Quebec: Journals of the Members of Arnold’s Expedition,
New York: Doubleday and Company, 1938, p. 505.

10
. Dan Barber,
History of My Own Times,
Washington, D.C.: S.C. Ustick, 1827, pp. 13–14.

11
. “James McMichael Diary,”
Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography,
no. 16 (1892), pp. 129–159, p. 3.

12
. William Powell, “A Connecticut Soldier Under Washington: Elisha Bostwick’s Memoirs of the First Years of the Revolution,”
William and Mary Quarterly,
Series 3, vol. 6 (1949), p . 99.

13
. George Scheer, Ed
., Joseph Plumb Martin, Private Yankee Doodle,
Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1962, p. 17.

14
. Avery Papers.

15
.
Jersey Journal,
March 29, 1780.

16
. Lemuel Roberts,
Memoirs of Captain Lemuel Roberts, , Containing Adventures in Youth, Vicissitudes Experienced as a Continental Soldier, and Escapes from Captivity with Suitable reflections on the Changes of Life,
Bennington
,
VT: Anthony Haswell, 1809; reprinted, New York: New York TimesArno Press, 1969, p. 21.

17
. Holly Mayer,
Belonging to the Army: Camp Followers and Community During the American Revolution,
Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996, p. 32.

18
. John Laurens,
Army Correspondence of Colonel John Laurens,
New York: New York Times-Arno Press, 1969, p. 136.

19
. Nathanael Greene to GW, GWW IV: 441.

20
. William Dwyer,
The Day Is Ours,
New York: Viking Press, 1983, p. 249.

Chapter Seven

1
. John Codman, Ed.,
Arnold’s Expedition to Quebec,
New York: Macmillan, 1902, pp. 6–8.

2
. Commager and Morris,
The Spirit of ’76,
I: 583.

3
. Willard Stern Randall,
Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor,
New York: William Morrow, 1990, pp. 84–87.

4
. Randall,
Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor,
pp. 135–137.

5
. Scheer and Rankin,
Rebels and Redcoats
, pp. 115–118.

6
. Benedict Arnold, “Col. Arnold’s Journal of His Expedition to Canada,” entry of September 29, 1775, in Kenneth Roberts,
March to Quebec: Journals of the Members of the Arnold Expedition,
1938, p. 45.

7
. George Morison, “George Morison’s Journal,” in Roberts
, March to Quebec,
p. 511.

8
. Isaac Senter, “Journal,” in Roberts, pp. 202–203.

9
. Arnold, “Col. Arnold’s Journal of His Expedition to Canada,” entry of October 12, 1775, in Roberts, p. 50.

10
. Codman,
Arnold’s Expedition to Quebec,
pp. 70–73.

11
. Randall,
Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor,
p. 182.

12
. Scheer and Rankin, p. 119.

13
. Abner Stocking’s “Journal,” in Roberts, pp. 555–556; Morison, “Journal,” in Roberts, pp. 525–526.

14
. Randell, p. 188.

Chapter Eight

1
. Codman,
Arnold’s Expedition to Quebec,
p. 128.

2
. “George Morison’s Journal,” in Roberts,
March to Quebec,
pp. 536–537.

3
. Stocking’s Journal,” in Roberts,
March to Quebec,
p. 565.

4
. Nathaniel Shipton and David Swain, eds.
Rhode Islanders Record the Revolution: The Journals of William Humphrey and Zuriel Waterman,
Providence: Rhode Island Publications Society, 1984, pp. 32–34.

5
. John Henry, “Journal,” Roberts,
March to Quebec,
pp. 389–90.

6
. Boatner,
The Encyclopedia of the American Revolution
, pp. 894–895.

7
.
Colonel Thomas Johnson’s Letters and Documents,
Vermont Historical Society, 1923–25, 1926, Proceedings of the Vermont Historical Society, Below Falls, VT: P.T. Gobie Press, 1926.

8
. Caleb Foot,
Reminiscences of the Prison Letters and Sea Journal of Caleb Foot,
Salem, MA: Essex Institute Collections, Vol. XXVI, 1889, pp 8–9.

9
. Pension request affidavit of Greenman, in Bray and Bushnell,
Diary of a Common Soldier in the American Revolution,
pp. 300–301.

Chapter Nine

1
. Benedict Arnold to the Congressional Commissioners, June 2, 1776, Peter Force,
American Archives,
5th Series, I:165.

2
. Randall,
Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor,
pp. 235–236.

3
. David Burg, ed.
An Eyewitness History: the American Revolution,
New York: Facts on File Inc., 2001, pp. 107–109.

4
. Benedict Arnold to Philip Schuyler, April 20, 1776, Peter Force. Ed.,
American Archives,
6 series in 9 vols., Washington, D.C., 1837–1853, 4th Series, V:1098–1100.