The First War of Physics (90 page)

Normandy, Allied invasion (Operation Overlord)
237
,
272

Norsk Hydro plant
32–3
,
70
,
82–5

North Africa
259

North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)
435
,
488
,
490

North Field
302
,
320

North Korea,
see
Korea

Norway

German invasion of
34
,
64

German occupation of
90
,
95
,
117

Norwegian government-in-exile
132
,
216

Norwegian High Command
119
,
216

Norwegian Independent Company No. One
117
,
169

Norwegian Institute of Technology
82
,
84

Norwegian resistance,
see also
Vemork
34
,
83–4
,
117
,
169
,
171
,
201
,
342

Norwood, Melita
433

nuclear chain reactions
15–20
,
27
,
42
,
44–5
,
51
,
60
,
69
,
80
,
90
,
99
,
247
,
421
,
461–2

nuclear reactor research
146
,
270–1
,
280

nuclear reactors

Kaiser Wilhelm Institute
39
,
75

Hanford
210
,
235
,
243
,
282–6
,
316
,
420

Oak Ridge
152
,
196
,
205
,
208
,
227
,
241–2
,
280–6
,
310
,
401
,
485

Laboratory No.
2
, Moscow
420

Nuremberg war crimes tribunal
265
,
413

Oak Ridge facility
152
,
196
,
205
,
208
,
227
,
241–2
,
276
,
280
,
282
,
285–6
,
310
,
401
,
485

October Revolution
194
,
420

Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD)
107–10
,
141
,
151
,
181
,
259
,
275
,
309

Office of Strategic Services (OSS)
224
,
261
,
263
,
269
,
273–4
,
276–7
,
339
,
423
,
431

Office of War Information (OWI)
224

Official Secrets Act
394
,
404
,
460
,
480

Ohnesorge, Wilhelm
80

Ohta, River
331–3

Okinawa, Battle of
309
,
324

Old Bailey, the
404
,
467
,
480

Oliphant, Mark
57–9
,
63–4
,
72–3
,
84
,
105
,
108–9
,
126
,
140
,
218

Oliver, Justice
404–5

Olympic, Operation,
see
operations

Omega Canyon
281

One World or None
(manifesto)
389

Ongjin Peninsula
468

operations

AZUSA
261
,
269
,
277
,
339

Barbarossa
85

Coronet
324

Downfall
324

ENORMOZ
184
,
218
,
249
,
452–3

Epsilon
342

Freshman
132–6
,
153–5
,
169
,
174
,
215

Gunnerside
169–70
,
201
,
215

Olympic
324

Overlord
237
,
272

Sealion
55
,
73

Skylark
83–5

Vittles
437
,
439
,
441–2
,
437

Weserübung
34

Oppenheimer, Frank
145
,
314

Oppenheimer, J. Robert

advocates international proliferation of atomic technology
205–6
,
303
,
388–9

and Jean Tatlock
195–6

and the ‘Chevalier’ incident
186

and the FBI
145
,
193
,
224
,
402
,
413–14

and the Un-American Activities Committee
465–6

appointed director of the Manhattan Project
165–6

arrives at Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
414

chairs the General Advisory Committee (GAC)
412
,
455

character and early career
143–5

courts Charlotte Riefenstahl
79

establishes ‘Cowpuncher’ committee
285

flirts with left-wing politics
144

leadership at Los Alamos
187
,
232

leads the S-l programme
143

loses faith in the Soviet Union
412–13

on the morality of the H-bomb
455–7

perceived as a security threat
194–7

recruits scientists for work at Los Alamos
167
,
188

replaced by Norris Bradbury at Los Alamos
405

requests formal hearing to clear his name
474–80

selects Los Alamos site
166

Oppenheimer, Kitty
145
,
185–7
,
195–6
,
234
,
402
,
414

Oppenheimer, Peter
187

Oranienburg
32
,
296–7
,
418

Osan, South Korea
468

Oslo
32–3
,
134
,
155
,
201

OSRD,
see
Office of Scientific Research and Development

OSS,
see
Office of Strategic Services (OSS)

Ottawa
362–3
,
377
,
381–2

Ottawa Journal
, the (periodical)
379–80

Ovakimyan, Gaik
183

Overlord, Operation,
see
operations

Pacific Fleet, the US
112

Pacific Ocean
240
,
302
,
319–20
,
325
,
407

Parajito Canyon, laboratory at
407

Paris
33–8
,
64
,
69–72
,
152
,
274–7
,
431

Parsons, Captain William ‘Deke’
244–6
,
319
,
328–8
,
331

particles

alpha
191
,
243
,
317

beta
37
,
49–50

Pas de Calais
272

Paschen, Friedrich
273

Pash, Colonel Boris
193–7
,
204–7
,
223–4
,
259
,
268–9
,
273–5
,
292–4
,
304
,
414
,
466
,
477

Pastelnyak, Pavel
183

Patterson, Roscoe C.
300

Pauli, Wolfgang
143
,
356

Pavlov, Vasily
381–2

Pearl Harbor
111–12
,
263
,
409

Pearson, Drew
393

Peierls, Rudolf
58–67
,
72–3
,
78–9
,
87
,
93
,
96
,
99
,
101
,
104
,
140
,
147
,
179
,
218
,
227
,
242
,
346
,
351
,
366
,
405
,
425
,
459
,
462
,
484–5

Penney, William
218
,
227
,
254
,
320
,
423

Pennsylvania
, USS (ship)
408

Pennsylvania Sugar
240

Pentagon, the
151
,
196
,
301
,
303
,
416

People’s Commissariat of Non-ferrous Metallurgy
248

periodic table, the
5–10
,
50

Perrin, Francis
60

Perrin, Michael
102
,
259
,
293
,
341
,
460

Pervukhin, Mikhail
247
,
361
,
432
,
449

Peter the Great
432

Petersburg,
see
St Petersburg

Petrella Peak
268

Petrzhak, Konstantin
159

Philadelphia
240
,
290
,
467
,
488

Philby,’Kim’
103
,
383–4

Philippines, the
112
,
320

Phillips, Cecil
258
,
422

Physical Review
(periodical)
20
,
49–51
,
67
,
107
,
188

Physical Society, the American
457

Piedimonte San Germano
268

Pitzer, Kenneth
478

Placzek, Else (formerly von Halban)
228
,
395

Placzek, George
10
,
14
,
167

Planck, Erwin
278

Planck, Max
24

Plötzensee Prison
278

plutonium,
see also
elements

bomb,
see also
bombs
189
,
210–11
,
242–3
,
246
,
254
,
285–6
,
291
,
312
,
335
,
338
,
345
,
370
,
420
,
426
,
444

core
315
,
317
,
338
,
407
,
433–4

critical mass of
189
,
210
,
243
,
291
,
317

dioxide
448

isotope Pu-240
242–3

naming of
139

potential sources of
385
,
407

production of
140
,
152
,
180
,
210
,
235
,
242
,
282
,
284
,
367
,
426

purification of
243
,
448

reactor-bred
246
,
286
,
291

tendency to pre-detonate
210

Point Zero
313–16

Poland
34
,
62–3
,
86
,
218
,
265
,
300

German invasion of
34

Nazi-occupied
62

Politburo, the Soviet
361
,
476

polonium
191
,
312
,
317
,
365

isotope polonium-210
481

Pontecorvo, Bruno
167–8
,
184
,
484

Port Richmond, Staten Island
152

Possibility of Technical Energy Production from Uranium Fission, The
(report)
31

Potapova, Yelena
103

Potsdam
314
,
318
,
322
,
324
,
326
,
328
,
343
,
368

Potsdam Declaration
324
,
326
,
328
,
335–7

Poulsson, Second Lieutenant Jens Anton
134–5
,
168
,
171–2
,
201
,
342

Power, Thomas
486

Heisenberg’s War
(book)
486

Powers, Tomas
489

Prague
391

Pravda
(periodical)
410

Prima Facie Proof of the Feasibility of the Super, A
(report)
406

Princeton University,
see
universities

Palmer Laboratory
13

Prinz Eugen
(ship)
408

protons
4–10
,
14
,
37
,
47
,
51
,
80
,
388

Purdue University,
see
universities

purges, Stalinist,
see
Great Purge

PURPLE cipher machine
322

Putin, Vladimir
492

quantum mechanics
28
,
97–8
,
262
,
273

Quebec (city)
98
,
214

Quebec agreement, the
216
,
250
,
397–9

Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario
see
universities

Quisling, Vidkun

R-12 missiles,
see also
Cuba, missile crisis
488

Rabi, Isidor
167
,
188
,
235
,
244
,
316
,
318
,
412
,
454
,
456
,
478

Rabinowitch, Eugene
307

racial laws,
see also
Jews
3

‘Rad Lab’ (University of California, Berkeley)
12
,
47–8
,
105
,
107
,
139
,
164
,
176
,
184
,
186–7
,
193–4
,
196–7
,
204–5
,
207
,
218
,
314
,
465