The Forest Unseen: A Year's Watch in Nature (34 page)

April 2nd—Flowers

Fenster, C. B., W. S. Armbruster, P. Wilson, M. R. Dudash, and J. D. Thomson. 2004. “Pollination syndromes and floral specialization.”
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
35: 375–403.

Fosket, D. E. 1994.
Plant Growth and Development: A Molecular Approach
. San Diego: Academic Press.

Snow, A. A., and T. P. Spira. 1991. “Pollen vigor and the potential for sexual selection in plants.”
Nature
352: 796–97.

Walsh, N. E., and D. Charlesworth. 1992. “Evolutionary interpretations of differences in pollen-tube growth-rates.”
Quarterly Review of Biology
67: 19–37.

April 8th—Xylem

Ennos, R. 2001.
Trees
. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Hacke, U. G., and J. S. Sperry. 2001. “Functional and ecological xylem anatomy.”
Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics
4: 97–115.

Sperry, J. S., J. R. Donnelly, and M. T. Tyree. 1988. “Seasonal occurrence of xylem embolism in sugar maple (
Acer saccharum
).”
American Journal of Botany
75: 1212–18.

Tyree, M. T., and M. H. Zimmermann. 2002.
Xylem Structure and the Ascent of Sap
. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

April 14th—Moth

Smedley, S. R., and T. Eisner. 1996. “Sodium: a male moth’s gift to its offspring.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
93: 809–13.

Young, M. 1997.
The Natural History of Moths
. London: T. and A. D. Poyser.

April 16th—Sunrise Birds

Pedrotti, F. L., L. S. Pedrotti, and L. M. Pedrotti. 2007.
Introduction to Optics
. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Wiley, R. H., and D. G. Richards. 1978. “Physical constraints on acoustic communication in the atmosphere: implications for the evolution of animal vocalizations.”
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
3: 69–94.

April 22nd—Walking Seeds

Beattie, A., and D. C. Culver. 1981. “The guild of myrmecochores in a herbaceous flora of West Virginia forests.”
Ecology
62: 107–15.

Cain, M. L., H. Damman, and A. Muir. 1998. “Seed dispersal and the holocene migration of woodland herbs.”
Ecological Monographs
68: 325–47.

Clark, J. S. 1998. “Why trees migrate so fast: confronting theory with dispersal biology and the paleorecord.”
American Naturalist
152: 204–24.

Ness, J. H. 2004. “Forest edges and fire ants alter the seed shadow of an ant-dispersed plant.”
Oecologia
138: 448–54.

Smith, B. H., P. D. Forman, and A. E. Boyd. 1989. “Spatial patterns of seed dispersal and predation of two myrmecochorous forest herbs.”
Ecology
70: 1649–56.

Vellend, M., Myers, J. A., Gardescu, S., and P. L. Marks. 2003. “Dispersal of
Trillium
seeds by deer: implications for long-distance migration of forest herbs.”
Ecology
84: 1067–72.

April 29th—Earthquake

U.S. Geological Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program. “Magnitude 4.6 Alabama.”
http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2003/eq_030429/
.

May 7th—Wind

Ennos, A. R. 1997. “Wind as an ecological factor.”
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
12: 108–11.

Vogel, S. 1989. “Drag and reconfiguration of broad leaves in high winds.”
Journal of Experimental Botany
40: 941–48.

May 18th—Herbivory

Ananthakrishnan, T. N., and A. Raman. 1993.
Chemical Ecology of Phytophagous Insects
. New York: International Science Publisher.

Chown, S. L., and S. W. Nicolson. 2004.
Insect Physiological Ecology
. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Hartley, S. E., and C. G. Jones. 2009. “Plant chemistry and herbivory, or why the world is green.” In
Plant Ecology
, edited by M. J. Crawley. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Nation, J. L. 2008.
Insect Physiology and Biochemistry
. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Waldbauer, G. 1993.
What Good Are Bugs?: Insects in the Web of Life
. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

May 25th—Ripples

Clements, A. N. 1992.
The Biology of Mosquitoes: Development, Nutrition, and Reproduction
. London: Chapman and Hall.

Hames, R. S., K. V. Rosenberg, J. D. Lowe, S. E. Barker, and A. A. Dhondt. 2002. “Adverse effects of acid rain on the distribution of Wood Thrush
Hylocichla mustelina
in North America.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
99: 11235–40.

Spielman, A., and M. D’Antonio. 2001.
Mosquito: A Natural History of Our Most Persistent and Deadly Foe
. New York: Hyperion.

Whittow, G. C., ed. 2000.
Sturkie’s Avian Physiology
. 5th ed. San Diego: Academic Press.

June 2nd—Quest

Klompen, H., and D. Grimaldi. 2001. “First Mesozoic record of a parasitiform mite: a larval Argasid tick in Cretaceous amber (Acari: Ixodida: Argasidae).”
Annals of the Entomological Society of America
94: 10–15.

Sonenshine, D. E. 1991.
Biology of Ticks
. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

June 10th—Ferns

Schneider, H., E. Schuettpelz, K. M. Pryer, R. Cranfill, S. Magallon, and R. Lupia. 2004. “Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms.”
Nature
428: 553–57.

Smith, A. R., K. M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider, and P. G. Wolf. 2006. “A classification for extant ferns.”
Taxon
55
:
705–31.

June 20th—A Tangle

Haase, M., and A. Karlsson. 2004. “Mate choice in a hermaphrodite: you won’t score with a spermatophore.”
Animal Behaviour
67: 287–91.

Locher, R., and B. Baur. 2000. “Mating frequency and resource allocation to male and female function in the simultaneous hermaphrodite land snail
Arianta arbustorum
.”
Journal of Evolutionary Biology
13: 607–14.

Rogers, D. W., and R. Chase. 2002. “Determinants of paternity in the garden snail
Helix aspersa
.”
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
52: 289–95.

Webster, J. P., J. I. Hoffman, and M. A. Berdoy. 2003. “Parasite infection, host resistance and mate choice: battle of the genders in a simultaneous hermaphrodite.”
Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B: Biological Sciences
270: 1481–85.

July 2nd—Fungi

Hurst, L. D. 1996. “Why are there only two sexes?”
Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B: Biological Sciences
263: 415–22.

Webster, J., and R. W. S. Weber. 2007.
Introduction to Fungi
. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Whitfield, J. 2004. “Everything you always wanted to know about sexes.”
PLoS Biol
2(6): e183. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020183.

Xu, J. 2005. “The inheritance of organelle genes and genomes: patterns and mechanisms.”
Genome
48: 951–58.

Yan, Z., and J. Xu. 2003. “Mitochondria are inherited from the MATa parent in crosses of the Basidiomycete fungus
Cryptococcus neoformans
.”
Genetics
163: 1315–25.

July 13th—Fireflies

Eisner, T., M. A. Goetz, D. E. Hill, S. R. Smedley, and J. Meinwald. 1997. “Firefly ‘femmes fatales’ acquire defensive steroids (lucibufagins) from their firefly prey.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
94: 9723–28.

July 27th—Sunfleck

Heinrich, B. 1996.
The Thermal Warriors: Strategies of Insect Survival
. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Hull, J. C. 2002. “Photosynthetic induction dynamics to sunflecks of four deciduous forest understory herbs with different phenologies.”
International Journal of Plant Sciences
163: 913–24.

Williams, W. E., H. L. Gorton, and S. M. Witiak. 2003. “Chloroplast movements in the field.”
Plant Cell and Environment:
2005–14.

August 1st—Eft and Coyote

Brodie, E. D. 1968. “Investigations on the skin toxin of the Red-Spotted Newt,
Notophthalmus viridescens viridescens
.”
American Midland Naturalist
80:276–80.

Hampton, B. 1997.
The Great American Wolf
. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

Parker, G. 1995.
Eastern Coyote: The Story of Its Success
. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Nimbus Publishing.

August 8th—Earthstar

Hibbett, D. S., E. M. Pine, E. Langer, G. Langer, and M. J. Donoghue. 1997. “Evolution of gilled mushrooms and puffballs inferred from ribosomal DNA sequences.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
94: 12002–6.

August 26th—Katydid

Capinera, J. L., R. D. Scott, and T. J. Walker. 2004.
Field Guide to Grasshoppers, Katydids, and Crickets of the United States
. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Gerhardt, H. C., and F. Huber. 2002.
Acoustic Communication in Insects and Anurans
. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Gwynne, D. T. 2001.
Katydids and Bush-Crickets: Reproductive Behavior and Evolution of the Tettigoniidae
. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Rannels, S., W. Hershberger, and J. Dillon. 1998.
Songs of Crickets and Katydids of the Mid-Atlantic States
. CD audio recording. Maugansville, MD: Wil Hershberger.

September 21st—Medicine

Culpeper, N. 1653.
Culpeper’s Complete Herbal
. Reprint, 1985. Secaucus, NJ: Chartwell Books.

Horn, D., T. Cathcart, T. E. Hemmerly, and D. Duhl, eds. 2005.
Wildflowers of Tennessee, the Ohio Valley, and the Southern Appalachians
. Auburn, WA: Lone Pine Publishing.

Lewis, W. H., and M. P. F. Elvin-Lewis. 1977.
Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Man’s Health
. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Mann, R. D. 1985.
William Withering and the Foxglove
. Lancaster, UK: MTP Press.

Moerman, D. E. 1998.
Native American Ethnobotany
. Portland, OR: Timber Press.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009.
General Advice for the Export of Wild and Wild-Simulated American Ginseng
(Panax quinquefolius)
Harvested in 2009 and 2010 from States with Approved CITES Export Programs
. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior.

Vanisree, M., C.-Y. Lee, S.-F. Lo, S. M. Nalawade, C. Y. Lin, and H.-S. Tsay. 2004. “Studies on the production of some important secondary metabolites from medicinal
plants by plant tissue cultures.”
Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica
45: 1–22.

September 23rd—Caterpillar

Heinrich, B. 2009.
Summer World: A Season of Bounty
. New York: Ecco.

Heinrich, B., and S. L. Collins. 1983. “Caterpillar leaf damage, and the game of hide-and-seek with birds.”
Ecology
64: 592–602.

Real, P. G., R. Iannazzi, A. C. Kamil, and B. Heinrich. 1984. “Discrimination and generalization of leaf damage by blue jays (
Cyanocitta cristata
).”
Animal Learning and Behavior
12: 202–8.

Stamp, N. E., and T. M. Casey, eds. 1993.
Caterpillars: Ecological and Evolutionary Constraints on Foraging
. London: Chapman and Hall.

Wagner, D. L. 2005.
Caterpillars of Eastern North America: A Guide to Identification and Natural History
. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

September 23rd—Vulture

Blount, J. D., D. C. Houston, A. P. Mller, and J. Wright. 2003. “Do individual branches of immune defence correlate? A comparative case study of scavenging and non-scavenging birds.”
Oikos
102: 340–50.

DeVault, T. L., O. E. Rhodes, Jr., and J. A. Shivik. 2003. “Scavenging by vertebrates: behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary perspectives on an important energy transfer pathway in terrestrial ecosystems.”
Oikos
102:225–34.

Kelly, N. E., D. W. Sparks, T. L. DeVault, and O. E. Rhodes, Jr. 2007. “Diet of Black and Turkey Vultures in a forested landscape.”
Wilson Journal of Ornithology
119: 267–70.

Kirk, D. A., and M. J. Mossman. 1998. “Turkey Vulture (
Cathartes aura
),” The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bna.339.

Markandya, A., T. Taylor, A. Longo, M. N. Murty, S. Murty, and K. Dhavala. 2008. “Counting the cost of vulture decline—An appraisal of the human health and other benefits of vultures in India.”
Ecological Economics
67: 194–204.

Powers, W.
The Science of Smell
. Iowa State University Extension.
www.extension.iastate.edu/Publications/PM1963a.pdf
.

September 26th—Migrants

Evans Ogden, L. J., and B. J. Stutchbury. 1994. “Hooded Warbler (
Wilsonia citrina
),” The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bna.110.

Hughes, J. M. 1999. “Yellow-billed Cuckoo (
Coccyzus americanus
),” The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bna.418.

Rimmer, C. C., and K. P. McFarland. 1998. “Tennessee Warbler (
Vermivora peregrina
),” The Birds of North America Online. doi:10.2173/bna.350.

October 5th—Alarm Waves

Agrawal, A. A. 2000. “Communication between plants: this time it’s real.”
Trends in Ecology and Evolution
15: 446.

Caro, T. M., L. Lombardo, A. W. Goldizen, and M. Kelly. 1995. “Tail-flagging and other antipredator signals in white-tailed deer: new data and synthesis.”
Behavioral Ecology
6: 442–50.

Cotton, S. 2001. “Methyl jasmonate.”
www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/jasmine/jasminev.htm
.

Farmer, E. E., and C. A. Ryan. 1990. “Interplant communication: airborne methyl jasmonate induces synthesis of proteinase inhibitors in plant leaves.”
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
87: 7713–16.