The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople (59 page)
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Authors: Jonathan Phillips
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1
Lane,
Venice,
1—21; Zorzi,
Venice, A City, A Republic, An Empire,
10—20, 102—8; Howard,
Architectural History of Venice,
2—41.
Lane,
Venice,
1—21; Zorzi,
Venice, A City, A Republic, An Empire,
10—20, 102—8; Howard,
Architectural History of Venice,
2—41.
2
Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden,
I, 51—4; Jacoby, ‘The Chrysobull of Alexius I to the Venetians’.
Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden,
I, 51—4; Jacoby, ‘The Chrysobull of Alexius I to the Venetians’.
3
Madden,
Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice.
Madden’s book was published as this present work was being completed. I have, therefore, been unable to include any of its detailed ideas.
Madden,
Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice.
Madden’s book was published as this present work was being completed. I have, therefore, been unable to include any of its detailed ideas.
4
Madden, ‘Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172’, 169—70.
Madden, ‘Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172’, 169—70.
5
Madden, ‘Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172’, 179—84.
Madden, ‘Venice and Constantinople in 1171 and 1172’, 179—84.
6
For Innocent III see:
Sources,
60—9, 95—8; 145—51. For later historians hostile to Venice, see: Queller and Madden,
Fourth Crusade,
318—21; Runciman,
History of the Crusades,
III.
For Innocent III see:
Sources,
60—9, 95—8; 145—51. For later historians hostile to Venice, see: Queller and Madden,
Fourth Crusade,
318—21; Runciman,
History of the Crusades,
III.
7
GP, 97.
GP, 97.
8
Innocent III,
Sources,
112.
Innocent III,
Sources,
112.
9
RC, 40.
RC, 40.
10
Stahl, ‘The Coinage of Venice in the Age of Enrico Dandolo’.
Stahl, ‘The Coinage of Venice in the Age of Enrico Dandolo’.
11
GV, 32—3.
GV, 32—3.
12
Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders,
19, 29.
Riley-Smith,
First Crusaders,
19, 29.
13
GV, 33.
GV, 33.
14
Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden,
I, 362—73. See also: Queller and Madden,
Fourth
Crusade, 11, 217, n.23.
Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden,
I, 362—73. See also: Queller and Madden,
Fourth
Crusade, 11, 217, n.23.
15
GV, 33-4.
GV, 33-4.
16
For concise details on the construction of St Mark’s, see: Howard,
Architectural History of Venice,
17-28. For the most complete survey of the church’s mosaics, see: Demus,
Mosaic Decoration of San Marco, Venice.
For concise details on the construction of St Mark’s, see: Howard,
Architectural History of Venice,
17-28. For the most complete survey of the church’s mosaics, see: Demus,
Mosaic Decoration of San Marco, Venice.
17
Demus,
Mosaic Decoration of San Marco,
20—3.
Demus,
Mosaic Decoration of San Marco,
20—3.
18
GV, 34-5.
GV, 34-5.
19
GV, 35.
GV, 35.
20
Queller and Madden,
Fourth Crusade,
12; Mack,
The Merchant of Genoa,
28—43.
Queller and Madden,
Fourth Crusade,
12; Mack,
The Merchant of Genoa,
28—43.
21
Lane,
Venice,
37.
Lane,
Venice,
37.
22
For the First Crusade, see: France,
Victory in the East,
142; for the Third Crusade, see: Johnson, ‘The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI’, 89-94.
For the First Crusade, see: France,
Victory in the East,
142; for the Third Crusade, see: Johnson, ‘The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI’, 89-94.
23
GV, 35.
GV, 35.
24
Phillips,
Crusades,
95-6.
Phillips,
Crusades,
95-6.
25
William of Tyre,
History,
II, 313.
William of Tyre,
History,
II, 313.
26
William of Tyre,
History,
II, 408.
William of Tyre,
History,
II, 408.
27
Phillips,
Crusades,
95-101, 146—50.
Phillips,
Crusades,
95-101, 146—50.
28
GV, 35.
GV, 35.
29
GP, 77.
GP, 77.
30
Hillenbrand,
The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives,
557.
Hillenbrand,
The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives,
557.
31
Queller and Madden, ‘Some further arguments in defence of the Venetians’, 438. See also: Lane,
Venice,
70—3.
Queller and Madden, ‘Some further arguments in defence of the Venetians’, 438. See also: Lane,
Venice,
70—3.
32
Madden, ‘Venice, the Papacy and the Crusades before 1204’.
Madden, ‘Venice, the Papacy and the Crusades before 1204’.
33
Innocent III,
Sources,
23-4.
Innocent III,
Sources,
23-4.
34
William of Tyre,
History,
II, 335.
William of Tyre,
History,
II, 335.
35
Ibn Jubayr,
The Travels,
32.
Ibn Jubayr,
The Travels,
32.
36
Lane,
Venice,
88; Howard,
Architectural History of Venice,
17—19.
Lane,
Venice,
88; Howard,
Architectural History of Venice,
17—19.
37
GV, 35.
GV, 35.
38
Martin da Canal,
Les Estoires de Venise,
46—7.
Martin da Canal,
Les Estoires de Venise,
46—7.
39
McNeill,
Venice,
5—6; Zorzi,
Venice: A City, A Republic, An Empire,
38—9.
McNeill,
Venice,
5—6; Zorzi,
Venice: A City, A Republic, An Empire,
38—9.
40
The dimensions of all vessels discussed here are taken from: Pryor, ‘The Naval Architecture of Crusader Transport Ships’. See also: Martin,
The Art and Archaeology of Venetian Ships and Boats.
The dimensions of all vessels discussed here are taken from: Pryor, ‘The Naval Architecture of Crusader Transport Ships’. See also: Martin,
The Art and Archaeology of Venetian Ships and Boats.
41
Pryor, ‘Transportation of Horses by Sea during the Era of the Crusades’.
Pryor, ‘Transportation of Horses by Sea during the Era of the Crusades’.
42
Pryor, ‘The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade’, 119—22.
Pryor, ‘The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade’, 119—22.
43
GV, 35—6.
GV, 35—6.
1
For a full and stimulating discussion of the Jews in Europe at this time, see: Abulafia,
Christians and Jews.
For usury in particular, see 58—62.
For a full and stimulating discussion of the Jews in Europe at this time, see: Abulafia,
Christians and Jews.
For usury in particular, see 58—62.
2
Peter the Venerable,
Letters,
I, 327.
Peter the Venerable,
Letters,
I, 327.
3
Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters,
466.
Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters,
466.
4
GV, 37.
GV, 37.
5
Jubainville,
Histoire des ducs et des comtes de Champagne,
4, 96. For the full description of the tomb, see the same work, 90—9.
Jubainville,
Histoire des ducs et des comtes de Champagne,
4, 96. For the full description of the tomb, see the same work, 90—9.
6
Jackson, ‘Crusades of 1239—41 and their aftermath’, 32—60.
Jackson, ‘Crusades of 1239—41 and their aftermath’, 32—60.
7
GV, 37.
GV, 37.
8
Evergates, Aristocratic Women in the County of Champagne’, 79—85.
Evergates, Aristocratic Women in the County of Champagne’, 79—85.
9
William of Tyre,
History,
II, 416.
William of Tyre,
History,
II, 416.
10
William of Tyre,
History,
II, 450—1.
William of Tyre,
History,
II, 450—1.
11
NC, 97.
NC, 97.
12
Brand,
Byzantium Confronts the West,
19.
Brand,
Byzantium Confronts the West,
19.
13
NC, 210.
NC, 210.
14
Continuation of William of Tyre,
53.
Continuation of William of Tyre,
53.
15
Continuation of William of Tyre,
54.
Continuation of William of Tyre,
54.
16
Chronicle of
the Third Crusade, 40.
Chronicle of
the Third Crusade, 40.
17
Jacoby, ‘Conrad of Montferrat and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1187—92’.
Jacoby, ‘Conrad of Montferrat and the Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1187—92’.
18
Continuation of William of Tyre,
114—15. The account in
Chronicle of the Third Crusade
gives another account of the murder, differing in minor details, such as that Conrad did eat with the bishop of Beauvais before meeting his fate en route home.
Chronicle of the Third Crusade,
305—7.
Continuation of William of Tyre,
114—15. The account in
Chronicle of the Third Crusade
gives another account of the murder, differing in minor details, such as that Conrad did eat with the bishop of Beauvais before meeting his fate en route home.
Chronicle of the Third Crusade,
305—7.
19
Raimbaut de Vaqueiras,
Poems,
312.
Raimbaut de Vaqueiras,
Poems,
312.
20
Queller and Madden,
Fourth Crusade,
25—6.
Queller and Madden,
Fourth Crusade,
25—6.
21
RC, 35.
RC, 35.
22
Brundage, ‘Cruce signari: The Rite for taking the Cross in England’.
Brundage, ‘Cruce signari: The Rite for taking the Cross in England’.
23
Raimbaut of Vaqueiras, Poems, 218—20.
Raimbaut of Vaqueiras, Poems, 218—20.
24
Morris, Papal
Monarchy,
245.
Morris, Papal
Monarchy,
245.
25
Ralph of Coggeshall,
Sources,
281.
Ralph of Coggeshall,
Sources,
281.
26
Ralph of Coggeshall,
Sources,
281.
Ralph of Coggeshall,
Sources,
281.
27
Cole,
Preaching the Crusades,
90.
Cole,
Preaching the Crusades,
90.
28
Longnon,
Les compagnons de
Villehardouin, 209—10, 212—13.
Longnon,
Les compagnons de
Villehardouin, 209—10, 212—13.
29
For Alexius’s age, see: Brand,
Byzantium Confronts the West,
96—7.
For Alexius’s age, see: Brand,
Byzantium Confronts the West,
96—7.
30
RC, 84.
RC, 84.
31
NC, 305.
NC, 305.
32
See the arguments put forward by Winkelmann and Riant, reproduced in: Queller,
Latin Conquest of
Constantinople, 26—9, 32—8.
See the arguments put forward by Winkelmann and Riant, reproduced in: Queller,
Latin Conquest of
Constantinople, 26—9, 32—8.
33
The point is made by Queller and Madden,
Fourth Crusade,
45—6.
The point is made by Queller and Madden,
Fourth Crusade,
45—6.
34
NC, 242—3.
NC, 242—3.
35
Johnson, ‘Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI’, 92—109.
Johnson, ‘Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI’, 92—109.
36
Angold,
Byzantine Empire,
303—11, 318—19.
Angold,
Byzantine Empire,
303—11, 318—19.
37
NC, 248.
NC, 248.
38
NC, 242—3.
NC, 242—3.
39
‘Novgorod Account of the Fourth Crusade’, 306.
‘Novgorod Account of the Fourth Crusade’, 306.
40
Powell, ‘Innocent III and Alexius III: a Crusade Plan that Failed’, 96—100.
Powell, ‘Innocent III and Alexius III: a Crusade Plan that Failed’, 96—100.
41
Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden,
I, 241—6; Angold,
Byzantine Empire,
319. See also: Brand,
Byzantium Confronts the West,
225—9.
Tafel and Thomas,
Urkunden,
I, 241—6; Angold,
Byzantine Empire,
319. See also: Brand,
Byzantium Confronts the West,
225—9.
42
Innocent III,
Sources,
32—4.
Innocent III,
Sources,
32—4.
43
Innocent III,
‘Solitae’,
from: Andrea,
Medieval Record,
321.
Innocent III,
‘Solitae’,
from: Andrea,
Medieval Record,
321.
44
Translation from Slack,
Crusade Charters, 1138—1270,
145.
Translation from Slack,
Crusade Charters, 1138—1270,
145.
45
Translated from
Cartulare de Notre-Dame de Josaphat,
I, 358. For Geoffrey of Beaumont, see also: Longnon,
Les compagnons de
Villehardouin, 107.
Translated from
Cartulare de Notre-Dame de Josaphat,
I, 358. For Geoffrey of Beaumont, see also: Longnon,
Les compagnons de
Villehardouin, 107.
46
Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith,
Crusades: Idea and Reality,
147.
Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith,
Crusades: Idea and Reality,
147.
47
Continuation of William of
Tyre, 68.
Continuation of William of
Tyre, 68.
48
Fulcher of Chartres,
History of the Expedition to
Jerusalem, 74.
Fulcher of Chartres,
History of the Expedition to
Jerusalem, 74.
49
RC, 39.
RC, 39.
50
Conon of Béthune, Les
Chansons de Conon de
Béthune, 6—7.
Conon of Béthune, Les
Chansons de Conon de
Béthune, 6—7.
51
GV, 40.
GV, 40.
52
Joinville,
Chronicles of the Crusades,
195.
Joinville,
Chronicles of the Crusades,
195.
53
GV, 40. The
Devastatio Constantinopolitana
recorded that crusaders began to arrive in Venice from 1 June,
Sources,
214.
GV, 40. The
Devastatio Constantinopolitana
recorded that crusaders began to arrive in Venice from 1 June,
Sources,
214.
54
Spufford,
Power and Profit,
140—69.
Spufford,
Power and Profit,
140—69.
1
GV, 40.
GV, 40.
2
GV, 40.
GV, 40.
3
Villehardouin records that Pope Innocent III endorsed the agreement between the Venetians and the crusaders, but he does not mention any papal instructions for the crusaders to meet at Venice. Had the pope done so, it is odd that neither Innocent nor Villehardouin himself (who was always ready to apportion blame for the shortfall in men at Venice) chose to mention such an important point. This argument is contra to the view of Madden, ‘Venice, the Papacy and the Crusades before 1204’.
Villehardouin records that Pope Innocent III endorsed the agreement between the Venetians and the crusaders, but he does not mention any papal instructions for the crusaders to meet at Venice. Had the pope done so, it is odd that neither Innocent nor Villehardouin himself (who was always ready to apportion blame for the shortfall in men at Venice) chose to mention such an important point. This argument is contra to the view of Madden, ‘Venice, the Papacy and the Crusades before 1204’.
4
Spufford,
Power and Profit,
152—5; 169—70.
Spufford,
Power and Profit,
152—5; 169—70.
5
GV, 41.
GV, 41.
6
Gesta Innocenti,
col. 138.
Gesta Innocenti,
col. 138.
7
GV, 42.
GV, 42.
8
RC, 42.
RC, 42.
9
Hugh of Saint-Pol,
Letter,
191; NC, 295—6.
Hugh of Saint-Pol,
Letter,
191; NC, 295—6.
10
For Conrad’s career in full, see: Andrea, ‘Conrad of Krosigk, Bishop of Halberstadt, Crusader and Monk of Sittichenbach’.
For Conrad’s career in full, see: Andrea, ‘Conrad of Krosigk, Bishop of Halberstadt, Crusader and Monk of Sittichenbach’.
11
GV, 42.
GV, 42.
12
RC, 40.
RC, 40.
13
DC,
Sources,
205—12.
DC,
Sources,
205—12.
14
DC,
Sources,
214.
DC,
Sources,
214.
15
RC, 40.
RC, 40.
16
DC,
Sources,
214.
DC,
Sources,
214.
17
GV, 42.
GV, 42.
18
GV, 42—3.
GV, 42—3.
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