The Great A&P and the Struggle for Small Business in America (60 page)

butcher shops

Butler, James

Butler, William

buying clubs

Byoir, Carl; background of; chain-store tax opposition coordinated by; and consumer movement; and German tourism industry; restraint of trade indictment of; Roosevelt and; in union negotiations

Byrnes, J. J.

Byrnes, William

California; A&P stores in; anti–chain store movement in;
see also specific cities and counties

California Canning Peach Growers

California Chain Stores Association

California Fruit Growers Exchange

California Packing Corporation

Calloway, R. K.

Campbell Soup Company

Canada

Canada Dry

canned goods; fruits and vegetables; manufacturing methods for; milk products; safety concerns and; salmon; shipment of; store-brand

Cannon, Joseph

Capper, Arthur

Carnation Milk

cars,
see
automobiles

Caslow, Winfield

Catchings, Waddill

Celler, Emmanuel

cellophane

Census Bureau, U.S.

Centennial Tea Company

Chain Store Age

Chain Store Research Bureau

chain-store taxes; consumer opposition to; federal; state and local

Chamber of Commerce of the United States

Chandler, Alfred

Chase, Stuart

Chase & Sanborn coffee

Chicago; A&P stores in; federation of women’s clubs in; immigrants in; labor unions in; National Consumers Tax Commission headquarters in; Sears central warehouse in; U.S. Court of Appeals in; wholesalers in

China; Japanese invasion of; opening of trade with

Christian Science

Christianson, Theodore

chromolithography

Chrysler Corporation

Cincinnati

Cities Service Company

City of Tokyo (promotional wagon)

Civil War

Clark Equipment Company

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

Cleveland (Ohio)

Clews, George

Clews, John E.

Clicquot Club

Cloud Club (New York)

Cochran, John

Coclanis, Peter

coffee; A&P’s dominance of market for; advertising of; brands of; bulk sales of; door-to-door sales of; gifts with purchases of; industrialized processing of; mail-order sales of; price of;
see also
American Coffee Corporation

Coffin, Howard E.

Colgate, Samuel

Colorado

Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)

Columbia University Law School

Columbus (Ohio)

Commerce Department, U.S.; Business Advisory Council

Commercial Enterprise, The

Committee on Public Information

condensed milk

Congress, U.S.; antitrust legislation in; chain-store investigation directed by; chain-store tax bill in; Civil War tariffs enacted by; Democratic control of; New Deal legislation in; postal regulations in; price-cutting legislation in; Robinson-Patman Act in; trademark registration legislation in; veterans’ payments enacted by; World War I Food Administration authorizations in;
see also
House of Representatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Connecticut

Connecticut Food Council

Connecticut Piano Dealers’ Association

Consolidated Foods Corporation

consumers; anti–chain store movement and; antitrust cases and; brand names and; chain-store taxes opposed by; daily grocery shopping by; food prices and; food safety for; marketing to (
see also
advertising); New Deal and; spending on food of; supermarkets and; during World War II

Consumers’ Importing Tea Company

Consumers’ Research

Continental Bakery

Coolidge, Calvin

Coral Gables (Florida)

Corbin Sons & Company

Coronet
magazine

Coster, F. Donald

Coughlin, Charles

Council of National Defense, Advisory Commission of

Court of Appeals, U.S.

Cream of Wheat Company

Crenshaw, M. G., & Company

Crosby, Bing

Croxton, Frederick E.

Cuba

Cuba (New York)

Cullen, Michael J.

Culwell, L. S.

Cumberland University

Czechoslovakia; immigrants from

Czech Republic

Dairymen’s League

Dallas (Texas)

Danville (Illinois)

Danville (Kentucky)

Darby, John

Data Processing Financial & General Corporation

Daughters, Charles

Dau’s Blue Book

Davis, John W.

Dawson, Roy

Dayton’s Department Store

Deal (New Jersey)

Del Monte canned fruits and vegetables

Democratic Party; in New Jersey local politics; in New York State; in presidential elections; Robinson-Patman Act supported by; Roosevelt challenged by conservatives in; in Texas; veterans’ bonuses supported by

Detroit

Dexo shortening

Diamond matches

Dies, Martin

Dipman, Carl W.

Dirlam, Joel

discount stores

Doherty, Henry L.

Donovan, William J.

Doremus, R. Ogden

Dorrance, John T.

Doughton, Robert

Douglas, William O.

Dow Jones Industrial Average

Duncan, Robert

Du Pont Corporation

Durkee Company

Earle, George

Early, Stephen

Edison, Thomas

Edwards, Corwin

Egner, Henry

Ehrgott, John

Eight O’Clock Coffee

Eisenhower, Dwight D.

Elgin Creamery Butter

Elizabeth (New Jersey)

Elizabeth II, Queen of England

Elks Club

El Ryad coffee

Emergency Consumers Tax Council of New Jersey

Emergency Price Control Act (1942)

Engels, Friedrich

English tea merchants

Enlightenment

Eppling, Mary Lee

Erie Railroad

Eureka (California)

Evansville (Indiana)

evaporated milk

Ewing, Caruthers

Fallert, Richard F.

Farley, James A.

Farmer-Labor Party

Federal Radio Commission

Federal Reserve Bank of New York 148

Federal Reserve Board

Federal Trade Commission (FTC); and chain-store tax bill; creation of; investigations of A&P by; Robinson-Patman Act enforced against A&P by;
System of Accounts for Retail Merchants
published by; on wholesale delivery costs

Field, Marshall

Filene’s Department Store

First National Stores

Fisher, John

“5 & 10 Cent” dry-goods chains

Fleischmann’s yeast

Florida; A&P stores in; chain-store tax in;
see also specific cities

Flowers, Montaville

Flurry, Horace L.

Flynn, Edward J.

Food Administration, U.S.

Food Emporium

Food and Grocery Bureau of Southern California

Food and Grocery Chain Stores of America Inc.

Food and Grocery Conference Committee

food merchants;
see also
grocery stores

food safety

Ford, Henry

Ford Motor company

Forestburgh (New York)

Fortune
magazine

Fort Wayne (Indiana)

Fort Worth (Texas)

Forward America
(film)

France

Frazier, Mrs. Kenneth C.

Fredericksburg (Virginia)

Freedom of Opportunity Foundation

frozen foods

fruits; canned; dried; tropical;
see also
produce

Fulda, Carl H.

Furnas, J. C.

Gair, Robert

Galbraith, John Kenneth

Garner, John Nance

Gates, Bill

Gay, Edwin

General Federation of Women’s Clubs

General Foods

General Maximum Price Regulation

General Mills

General Motors

Georgia

Germany; immigrants from; Nazi; in World War I

Gilded Age

Gilman, Anna

Gilman, George Francis; aggressive growth strategy of; birth of; death of; eccentricity of; entry into tea trade of (
see also
Gilman & Company); estate of; family background of; leather business of; marketing by; retirement of

Gilman, Joanna

Gilman, Nathaniel, Sr.

Gilman, Nathaniel, Jr., 14
, n5

Gilman, Smull & Company

Gilman, Winthrop

Gilman & Company

Gilman, Frazier

Gimbel Brothers

Goldberg, Bowen & Company

Goldman, Sylvan

Goldman Brothers Wholesale Fruits and Produce

Gorman, Patrick

Gouverneur (New York)

Grandclément, Catherine

Grandma’s Bread

Grand Rapids (Michigan)

Grand Union Tea Company

Grape-Nuts Flakes

Graybar Building (New York)

Great American Tea Company; advertising of; establishment of; mail-order sales of; marketing of; New York City retail stores of; product diversification of

Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P): 269–70; advertising by; anti-chain sentiment against; antitrust cases against; bond offering of; Burger succeeds Hartfords at; Central Division; Central Western Division; chain-store taxes and; combination stores of; consumer movement and; and Cream of Wheat case; decline of; earnings of; Eastern Division; Economy Stores; Ewing as general counsel of; expansion of; founding legends of; government investigations of; headquarters of; labor movement and; management approach of; manufacturing facilities of; marketing initiatives of; market share of; Middle Western Division; National Meat Division; New Deal programs and; New England Division; origins of (
see also
Great American Tea Company); ownership of; paternalism of; premiums offered by; and price discrimination ban; price-setting strategy of; product diversification of; Products Corporation; real estate policy of; reorganization of; research department of; Robinson-Patman Act and; Southern Division; “Statement of Public Policy”; store brands of; supermarkets of; suppliers’ relationships with; vertical integration of; Western Division; during World War II

Great Depression; consumers during; Federal Reserve Board’s role in; government economic recovery programs during,
see
New Deal; independent merchants during; onset of; percentage of family income spent on food during; pretax rate of return of A&P during; public attacks on chain stores during; wages during

Great United States Tea Warehouse

Great Western Tea Company

Green, William

Green-Wood Cemetery (Brooklyn)

grocery stores; amenities offered by; chain (
see also names of specific chains
); closings of; credit sales in; employees of; during Great Depression; hours of; immigrants as owners of; locally owned, laws protecting; NRA codes for; nineteenth-century; number of items stocked by; packaging of goods for; perishable items in; populist support for; pricing in; profit margins of; wholesalers and;
see also
supermarkets

Gruebele, James W.

Guaranty Trust Company

Gulf & Western Corporation

Hall, Helen

Hammond (Louisiana)

Hamtramck (Michigan)

Harding, Warren G.

Harper’s Weekly

Harriman, W. Averell

Harrison, Pat

Hartford, Edward V. (George L.’s and John A.’s brother)

Hartford, George H. (George L.’s and John A.’s father); birth of; branded products introduced by; conversion to Catholicism of; death of; family of; founder legends about; Gilman hires; in leather trail; managerial and financial skills of; marriage of; Orange (New Jersey) home of; partnership agreement of Gilman and; and settlement of Gilman’s estate; political career of; sons come to work for

Hartford, George L.; aggressive expansion strategy; antitrust cases against; birth of; Byoir and; and chain-store taxes; cherished $7-per-share dividend and; childhood of; death of; Economy Stores opened by; education of; finances of; home and family life of; industry associations avoided by; inheritance of; joins family business; and legends of family business; lobbying avoided by; management approach of; manufacturing operations of; marketing by; and New Deal regulations; paternalism of; personality of; premiums offered by; real estate policy of; restructuring initiative of; strategic shift of; successor chosen by; and supermarkets;
Time
magazine interview with; unions opposed by; during World War I

Hartford, Henrietta (Edward’s wife)

Hartford, Huntington (Edward’s son)

Hartford, John A.; aggressive expansion strategy of; antitrust cases against; birth of; Byoir and; and chain-store taxes; corporate board memberships of; consumer groups and; death of; Economy Stores opened by; Ewing appointed general counsel by; finances of; Foundation of; industry associations avoided by; inheritance of; joins family business; and legends of family business; lifestyle of; loan to Elliott Roosevelt from; lobbying avoided by; management approach of; manufacturing operations of; marriages of; and New Deal regulations; paternalism of; personality of; premiums offered by; price-setting strategy of; rebranding by; real estate policy of; restructuring initiative of; strategic shift of; successor chosen by; and supermarkets;
Time
magazine interview with; unions opposed by; during World War I

Hartford, John S. (George H.’s brother)

Hartford, Josephine (Edward’s daughter)

Hartford, Josephine (George L.’s wife)

Hartford, Josephine (née Ludlum; George L.’s and John S.’s mother)

Hartford, Joshua B. (George H.’s father)

Hartford, Maria Josephine (Minnie; George H.’s daughter)

Hartford, Marie Louise (George H.’s daughter)

Hartford, Martha (George H.’s mother)

Hartford, Pauline (née Corwin; John A.’s wife)

Hartford Suspension Company

Hartford Courant

Hartshorn, Maurice

Harvard University; Business School; Law School