The Great Fossil Enigma (65 page)

8.
See, for example, N. J. Rapport,
Diverse World Views in an English Village
(Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993) on individual worldviews and constellations of knowledge; and C. Geertz,
Local Knowledge
(New York: Basic Books, 1983) on overlapping spheres of operational knowledge.

9.
R. K. Merton and E. Barber,
The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).

10.
Sweet,
Conodonta
, 170 (ref. ch. 6, n. 8).

11.
Raup,
Nemesis
, 119 (ref. ch. 10, n. 4). On boundaries, B. C. Smith,
On the Origins of Objects
(Cambridge, Mass.:
MIT
Press, 1996); T. Ingold,
What Is an Animal?
(London: Unwin Hyman, 1985).

12.
I. Parker (ed.),
Social Constructionism, Discourse and Realism
(London: Sage, 1998), xii. On Goethe and Morrissey on Husserl, see A. I. Tauber (ed.),
Science and the Quest for Reality
(Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan Press, 1997), 399. On Russell, see R. E. Aquila,
Intentionality: A Study of Mental Acts
(University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1977), 96; A. Schultz,
Collected Papers I: The Problems of Social Reality
(The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1963), 3.

13.
By denying the object independent agency of any kind, this approach prevents such things as Callon's oysters acting. M. Callon, “Some elements of a sociology of translation: Domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay,” in J. Law (ed.),
Power, Action and Belief
(London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986). Critiqued by H. M. Collins, and S. Yearley, “Epistemological chicken,” in A. Pickering (ed.),
Science as Practice and Culture
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), 301–26.

14.
This lies at the heart of the correspondence theory of truth in which the facts of the object
seem
to support the theories or interpretations built from it. See D. Gooding,
Experiment and the Making of Meaning
(Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1990). For conodont workers, lookalike things acted as interpretive lenses aiding construction.

15.
For a more wide-ranging variant of this essay, see S. J. Knell, “The intangibility of things,” in S. Dudley (ed.),
Museum Objects
(London: Routledge, 2012).

16.
S. Jones, “Negotiating authentic objects and authentic selves,”
Journal of Material Culture
15 (2010): 181–203, 181.

17.
This is seen, for example, in correspondence between Jimmy Steele Williams,
USGS
, Washington to Branson, 14 April 1931, Edwin Branson Folder, Williams Papers.

18.
S. E. Fish, Is
There a Text in This Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities
(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).

19.
R. K. Merton,
Sociological Ambivalence and Other Essays
(New York: Free Press, 1976) for a discussion of norms, expectations, and actualities in scientific behavior.

20.
See the opening quote in chapter 1. Gombrich,
Art and Illusion
, 176, 190–91.

The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

 

aboriginal leach

affinity; expertise in; homology in; mythology of.
See also individual animal and plant groups

Agassiz, Louis

Ager, Derek

Agnostus

Aldridge, Richard J.; apparatus; ecology; events; luck; review of Sweet; Scottish animals; South African animals; taxonomy; vertebrate argument; Waukesha animal

Allen, Charles

Alvarez, Luis

Alvarez, Walter

American Association of Petroleum Geologists

American Society of Parasitologists

amphioxus; affinity; analogue; anatomy and preservation

Ancyrodella

Ancyrognathus

Andres, Dietmar

animal; Conway Morris's animal; Lindström's theoretical animal; Melton and Scott's animal; Scottish animal; Soom Shale animal; Waukesha animal

annelid.
See
worm

aplacophorans

apparatus; architecture; evolution; fish model; function; hearing; nomenclature; worm model.
See also
assemblage

Arkell, William Jocelyn

Armstrong, Howard

Armstrong, Neil

Arnold, Matthew

Arthur, Michael

Asao, Frank

aschelminth

assemblage; architecture; natural; nomenclature; skepticism of; statistical.
See also
apparatus

Astacoderma

Austin, Ronald; animal, cluster; ecology; doubting Ziegler; internationalism; pictorial science

 

Baer, Karl Ernst von

Barnardo, Danie

Barnes, Christopher

Barrande, Joachim

Barrick, James

Bassler, Raymond; black shale problem; classification; death of; fish; follower of Ulrich; Hibbard;
Treatise
; utilitarianism

Beche, Henry de la

Beckmann, Heinz; acids; dentine; German fish; microscopy; stratigraphy

Belodella

Bender, Hans

Bender, Peter

Bengtson, Stefan; animal; tooth model

Benton, Michael

Bergström, Stig; acids; assemblages; career; paraconodonts; provinces; stratigraphy; taxonomy

Berry, William

Birmingham, University of

Bischoff, Günther

Blieck, Alain

bone: absence of; attachment; presence of

Booth, Trevor

Bradley, J. Chester

Branchiostoma. See
amphioxus

Brand, Peter

Branson, Carl

Branson, Edwin Bayer; accommodations; assemblage test; black shale problem;
Conodont Studies
; contamination; death of; denies jaws; ecology; evolution; overturns Ulrich and Bassler; giant conodonts; Grassy Creek Shale; Index Genera; methods; name proliferation; Shimer and Shrock; stratigraphy; Triassic conodonts

Bredell, Jan

Briggs, DerekE. G.; amphioxus experiment; apparatus model; Burgess Shale; Granton shrimps; graptolite model; Scottish animals; Sweet's book; vertebrate; Waukesha animal

Brinkmann, Ronald

British Geological Survey

British Museum

Brotzen, Fritz

Bryant, William

Buchsbaum, Ralph

Bunyan, John

Burgess Shale

Burnley, Gertrude

Burrow, Carole

Cailleux, André

Canning Basin

Carlisle, David

Carls, Peter

Carpenter, William

Cavusgnathus

chaetognath (arrow worm), analogue; relationship to

Chattanooga Shale

Chauff, Karl

Chicago, University of; culture of; geologists; micropaleontology at; Walker Museum

chordate

Cincinnati

Clark, David L.

Clark, Neil

Clarke, Frank

Clarkson, Euan

Cloud, Preston

Clydagnathus

Cody, William F. “Buffalo Bill,”

Collinson, Charles W.

color; color alternation index
(CAI)

conodont: defined; discovery of

Conodont Bed

conodont pearl

Conodontophorida

Conodontophoridia

Conodontophyta

Conrad, Joseph

contamination

Conulariid

Conway Morris, Simon; Bear Gulch animal; Burgess Shale animal; Granton animal

Cooper, Chalmer

Cooper, Gus Arthur

Cordylodus

Cretaceous conodonts

Croneis, Carey

Cross, Aureal

crustacean

Cuif, Jean-Pierre

Cullison, James S.

Custer, Gen. Armstrong

cyclostome.
See also
fish, hagfish, lamprey

 

D'Alton Sen., Eduard

Darwin, Charles

Decorah Shale

Deflandre, George

Deflandre Rigaud, Marthe

Demanet, Félix

Denham, R. L.

dentine; absence of; observed; theorized

dermal plates

Devonian-Mississippian Index Genera

Diebel, Kurt

Dietz, Robert

distribution; clay; limestone; shale

Dobzhansky, Theodosius

Döllinger, Ignaz

Donoghue, Phil

Dorning, Ken

Dreesen, Roland

Druce, Ed

Drygant, Daniel

Du Bois, Paul

Duboisella

Dunbar, Carl

Dzik, Jerzy

 

ecology

Edson, Fanny C.

Eichenberg, Wilhelm

Eicher, D. B.

Eichwald, Karl

Eldredge, Niles

Eller, Eugene

Ellison, Samuel; chemistry; ecology; fish; parataxa; rationalism; skepticism of; vertebrate

enamel; absence of; observed; theorized

Epstein, Anita

Epstein, Jack

evolution; affinity, and; apparatuses; bursts of; Cambrian origins; clarity of; convergent; cycles of; events in; final phase; index of evolution; iterative; Lazarus species; morphological; naïve; parallel; patterns; Pre-Cambrian conodonts; theories; utility of

extraction; acids; destructive

eyes

 

Fahlbusch, Klaus

Fåhræus, Lars

Fay, Robert

fibrous structure

Field Museum of Natural History

filter: ecological; gill extensions; feeding

fins

Fischer, Alfred

fish; affinity; chemical proof; confusion with; denied; earliest; extraordinary; German model; petroleum theory; utilitarian; utility of.
See also
cyclostome, hagfish, lamprey, shark

foraminifera

Forey, Peter

Fortey, Richard

Free University Berlin

Furnish, William; acids; evolution; parataxa; repair; stratigraphy; toothed jaws; wear

fused clusters

 

Gabbott, Sarah

Gee, Henry

Geikie, Archibald

Genesee Shale

Geological Society of America

Geological Society of London

Geological Survey of Canada

Geological Survey of South Africa

German Geological Society

gills

Gilpichthys

Girty, George

Glenister, Brian

global events

Gnathostomulida

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von

Goldsmith's College

Gombrich, Ernst

Gotland

Göttingen, University of

Gould, Stephen Jay

Granton

graspers

Grassy Creek Shale

Grinnell, George Bird

Gross, Walter; conodonts; fish; orthodoxy

growth

Gunderson, Gerald

Gunnell, Frank

 

Hadding, Assar

hagfish.
See also
cyclostome, fish

Haldane, J. B. S.

Hall, Basil

Hall, Brian

Hallock, Pamela

Halstead, Beverly

Hanke, G. F.

Hardin Shale

Harding Formation

Hardy, Ollie

Harley, John

Harris, Anita

Harris, Leonard

Hartin, Ralph

Hass, Wilbert; death of; internal supports; microscopy; stratigraphy; taxonomy;
Treatise

Hearty, John

Hede,J. E.

Helmerson, Gregor von

Helms, Joachim

Heuvel, Jacob Adrien van

Hibbard, Raymond

Hinde, George Jennings; American study; assemblage; Germany; hagfish; Scotland; worm

Hindeodella

Hitchings, Victor

Hofker, Jan

Holmes, Grace

Horner, Jack

House, Michael

Hubrecht, Ambrosius

Huckriede, Reinhold

Huddle, John

Humboldt, Alexander von

Hussakof, Louis

Husserl, Edmond

Huxely, Thomas

 

Icriodus

Illinella

Illinois, University of

Illinois State Geological Survey

Indiana Geological Survey

Indiana University

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

International Geological Correlation Programme

International Paleontological Association

Iowa, University of

Ireviken Event

 

Jaczewski, Tadeusz

Jamoytius

Janvier, Philippe

Jarvik, Erik

jaws; chaetognath; Cooper's; Cullison's; fish; lack of; problem of; worm

Jefferies, Richard

Jeppsson, Lennart; apparatus; ecology; events; methods; ocean model; teeth

Johnson, David

Jones, Daniel

Journal of Paleontology

Jurassic conodonts

 

Kansas Geological Survey

Kear, Amanda

Kellwasser Event

Kemp, Anne

Keyserling, Alexander von

Kindle, Edward

Kirk, Stuart Raeburn

Klapper, Gil

Kluessendorf, Joanne

Kockel, Carl Walter

Kohut, Joe

Konishi, Kenji

Kovács-Endrödy, Eva

Krejsa, Richard

Kurtén, Björn

 

Lalicker, Cecil

lamprey.
See also
cyclostome, fish

Landing, Ed

Lane, Richard

Lange, Frederico Waldemar

Lange, Friedrich-George

Leicester, University of

Lesley, Joseph Peter

Lexington Limestone

Lindström, Maurits; acids; animal; anti-utilitarian; asteroids; Cambrian conodonts; career; Cretaceous conodonts; conodont elements;
Conodonts
; ecology; provinces; Rosetta Stone paper;
SEM
; stratigraphy; symmetry transitions; taxonomy; utilitarianism; white matter

Little Big Horn, Battle of

Lochriea

Loomis, Frederic

lophophore

Lower, Jean

Lowry, D. C.

Ludlow Bone Bed

 

Macfarlane, John Muirhead

Malinowski, Bronislaw

Mann, Thomas

Männik, Peep

Marburg, Philipps University of: conodont school;
SEM
; taxonomy meeting

Marsh, Othniel C.

Martinsson, Anders

Mashkova, Tamara

Mayomyzon

McConnell, Duncan

McLaren, Digby

McPhee, John

Mehl, Maurice.
See also
Branson, Edwin Bayer

Melton, William; animal discoveries; Scottish premonition; revised

Melville, Richard

Merrill, Glen

metamerism

Meyendorff, Casimir de

Meyer, Ron

Michel, Helen

Michigan, University of

Michigan State University

microconodont

micropaleontology Mikulic, Don

Miller, A. K.

Miller, Hugh

Miller, James

Minnesota, University of Missouri, University of

Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy

mollusk Montana, University of

Montana Geological Survey

Moore, Charles

Moore, Raymond C.

Morgan, Thomas Hunt

Morrow, Jared

Morse, Edward

Mosher, Cameron

Müller, Klaus; acids; assemblages; Cambrian; career; Cretaceous; Devonian; ecology; microscopy; relations with Walliser; taxonomy;
Treatise
.

Murchison, Roderick Impey

muscle

Myxinikela

 

Natural History Society of Glasgow

Nease, Felton

nemertean (ribbon worm)

Nereis

Neriedavus

New Albany

Newberry, John Strong

Newell, Norman

Nicholson, Henry

Nicoll, Robert S., apparatus interpreted; collagen; fused clusters

Nogami, Yasuo

Norby, Rod

North American Paleontological Convention

Nottingham, University of

Nowlan, Godfrey

 

Ochietti, Serge

Odontogriphus
.
See also
animal: Conway Morris's animal

Ohio Geological Survey

Ohio Shale

Ohio State University

Oklahoma, University of

Oklahoma Geological Survey

Orlov, Yuri

ostracoderm.
See also
fish

Owen, Richard

 

Palaeontographical Society

Paläontologische Gesellschaft

Paleontological Society

Palmatolepis

Palmer, Allison R. “Pete,”

Palmer, Doug

Pander, Christian; chemistry;
Comparative Osteology
; Conodonta;
Contributions to Geology
; discovery of conodonts; embryology; evolution; fish;
Fossil Fishes of the Silurian
; microscopy; Murchison; Silurian; taxonomy; teeth; Transition Formation; Trutnev; vertebrate challenge; white matter; worm expertise

Pander Society; Iowa (1968); Michigan (1970); newsletter; Ohio (1969); Vienna (1980); Waterloo (1975)

Panderodus

Pander's Grandchildren

paraconodont

Parker, Angus

Parker, Ian

Peabody, George

Peabody Museum of Natural History

Pedro, August

Pelekysgnathus

Pengelly, William

phosphate

Phragmodus