The Great Influenza (73 page)

Around the world from Boston:
I. D. Mills, 'The 1918/1919 Influenza Pandemic (The Indian Experience,'
The Indian Economic and Social History Review
(1986), 27, 35.

Part V: Explosion

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

three hundred sailors arrived:
'Sanitary Report for Fourth Naval District for the Month of September 1918,' entry 12, file 584, RG 52, NA.

tenements still had outhouses:
'Philadelphia (How the Social Agencies Organized to Serve the Sick and Dying,'
The Survey
76 (Oct. 19, 1918); oral history of Anna Lavin, July 14, 1982, courtesy of Charles Hardy, West Chester University.

'death rate' has gone up':
Mrs. Wilmer Krusen reports, Feb. 4, 1918, entries 13B-D2, RG 62.

no high school until 1934:
Allen Davis and Mark Haller, eds.,
The Peoples of Philadelphia: A History of Ethnic Groups and Lower-Class Life, 1790/1940
(1973), 256.

'worst-governed city':
Quoted in Russell Weigley, ed.,
Philadelphia: A 300-Year History
(1982), 539.

'took control of police':
Major William Snow and Major Wilbur Sawyer, 'Venereal Disease Control in the Army,'
JAMA
(Aug. 10, 1918), 462.

left Philadelphia for Puget Sound: Annual Report of the Surgeon General of the U.S. Navy for Fiscal Year 1918,
Government Printing Office.

put the body on a stretcher:
Robert St. John,
This Was My World
(1953), 49/50, quoted in Dorothy Ann Pettit, 'A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic Influenza, 1918/1920' (1976), 103.

'33 caskets to Naval':
'Journal of the Medical Department, Great Lakes,' entry 22a, RG 52, NA.

toe tags on the boys':
Carla Morrisey, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
Feb. 26, 1997.

'what it would feel like':
Ibid.

'this threat of influenza invasion':
Howard Anders to William Braisted, Sept. 12, 1918, RG 52, NA.

refused to release six:
Board of Trustees minutes, Sept. 9 and Sept. 30, 1918, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia.

'When obliged to cough or sneeze': Philadelphia Inquirer,
Sept. 19, 1918.

'No concern whatever': The Evening Bulletin,
Sept. 18, 1918.

'can successfully be prevented':
Department of Public Health and Charities minutes, Sept. 21 and Oct. 3, 1918.

'ideas of whole populations':
Quoted in Victoria De Grazia, 'The Selling of America, Bush Style,'
New York Times
(Aug. 25, 2002).

'world lives by phrases':
Quoted in Joan Hoff Wilson,
Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive
(1974), 59.

''Every Scout to Save a Soldier'':
Quoted in ibid., 105 fn.

'If you find a disloyal':
Gregg Wolper, 'The Origins of Public Diplomacy: Woodrow Wilson, George Creel, and the Committee on Public Information' (1991), 80.

'The IWW agitators':
Kennedy,
Over Here,
73.

'nobody can say we aren't loyal':
Ellis Hawley,
The Great War and the Search for a Modern Order: A History of the American People and Their Institutions, 1917/1933
(1979), 24.

'In spite of excesses such as lynching':
Ibid.

'most powerful of human motives':
William McAdoo,
Crowded Years
(1931), 374/79, quoted in David Kennedy,
Over Here
(1980), 105.

'Every person who refuses':
David Kennedy,
Over Here,
106.

'a ready-made inflammable mass':
Howard Anders, letter to
Public Ledger,
Oct. 9, 1918, in which he cites his earlier opposition to the rally; quoted in Jeffrey Anderson, 'Influenza in Philadelphia 1918' (1998).

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

'excellent chief of service':
Frederick Russell and Rufus Cole, Camp Grant inspection diary, June 15/16, 1918, WP.

'keep our eye on him':
Welch to Dr. Christian Herter, treasurer, Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, Jan. 13, 1902, WP.

'different type of pneumonia':
Ibid.

'an important contribution':
Richard Pearce to Major Joseph Capps, July 10, 1918, Camp Grant, influenza file, NAS.

'a very important matter':
Rufus Cole to Richard Pearce, July 24, 1918, influenza file, NAS.

'vital measures in checking contagion':
Joseph Capps, 'Measures for the Prevention and Control of Respiratory Disease,'
JAMA
(Aug. 10, 1918), 448.

'one of the most brilliant': Chicago Tribune,
Oct. 9, 1918.

had issued warnings:
George Soper, M.D., 'The Influenza Pandemic in the Camps,' undated draft report, entry 29, RG 112, NA.

'None of these diseases':
A. Kovinsky, Camp Grant epidemiologist, report to SG, Sept. 4, 1918, entry 31, RG 112, NA.

'Until further notice':
Quoted in Kovinsky, report to SG, Nov. 5, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA.

'crowding of troops':
Charles Hagadorn, Sept. 20, 1918, entry 29, box 383, RG 112, NA.

'No visitors will be permitted':
Kovinsky, report to SG, Nov. 5, 1918.

the first soldier died:
'Bulletin of the Base Hospital,' Camp Grant, Sept. 28, 1918, RG 112, NA.

'except under extraordinary circumstances':
'Bulletin of the Base Hospital,' Oct. 3 and Oct. 4, 1918, RG 112, NA.

'formalin should be added':
Ibid.

'Devoting special personal care':
'Bulletin of the Base Hospital,' Oct. 6, 1918, RG 112, NA.

escorts of the dead' be prohibited:
Dr. H.M. Bracken, Executive Director, Minnesota State Board of Health, Oct. 1, 1918, entry 31, RG 112, NA.

'No power on earth':
Victor Vaughan,
A Doctor's Memories,
425.

'movements of officers and men':
See telegram from adjutant general, Oct. 3, 1918, RG 92.

two thousand of the 3,108 troops:
'Analysis of the Course and Intensity of the Epidemic in Army Camps,' unsigned, undated report, 4, entry 29, RG 112, NA.

likely that the death toll:
Camp Hancock, Georgia, entry 29, RG 112, NA.

twenty-eight hundred troops would report ill:
Soper, 'The Influenza-Pneumonia Pandemic in the American Army Camps, September and October 1918,'
Science
(Nov. 8, 1918), 451.

'very carefully controlled':
Stone to Warren Longcope, July 30, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA.

only 16.7 percent died:
Alfred Gray, 'Anti-pneumonia Serum (Kyes') in the Treatment of Pneumonia,' entry 29, RG 112, NA.

Desperate efforts were being made:
Maj. General Merritt W. Ireland, ed.,
Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War,
v. 9,
Communicable Diseases
(1928), 448.

'the duty of the Ward Surgeon':
'Bulletin of the Base Hospital,' Oct. 7 and 8, 1918, RG 112, NA.

'friends of persons dying':
'Bulletin of the Base Hospital,' Oct. 3 and 4, 1918, RG 112, NA.

'winning their fight': Chicago Tribune,
Oct. 7, 1918.

'verandas must be used':
'Bulletin of the Base Hospital,' Oct. 5, 1918, RG 112, NA.

'too early to foretell':
George Soper, 'The Influenza-Pneumonia Pandemic in the American Army Camps, September and October 1918,'
Science
(Nov. 8, 1918), 451.

CHAPTER NINETEEN

$100 bribes:
Visiting Nurse Society minutes, Oct. and Nov., 1918, Center for the Study of the History of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania.

'no doctors available':
Selma Epp, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
Feb. 28, 1997.

average
weekly
death toll: Public Health Reports
33, part 2, (July 26, 1918), 1252.

'Don't get frightened': Public Ledger,
Oct. 8, 1918.

'another crepe and another door':
Anna Milani, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
Feb. 28, 1997.

'People were dying like flies':
Oral history of Clifford Adams, June 3, 1982, provided by Charles Hardy of West Chester University.

'My uncle died there':
Anna Lavin oral history, June 3, 1982, Charles Hardy oral history tapes.

'caskets stacked up outside':
Michael Donohue, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience
interview, Feb. 28, 1997.

''Let me get a macaroni box'':
Louise Apuchase, June 3, 1982, Charles Hardy oral history tapes. June 24, 1982.

'They couldn't bury them':
Clifford Adams, Charles Hardy oral history tapes, June 3, 1982.

'may also die of the plague': North American,
Oct. 7, 1918.

'cyanosis reached an intensity':
Isaac Starr, 'Influenza in 1918: Recollections of the Epidemic in Philadelphia,'
Annals of Internal Medicine
(1976), 517.

'no truth in the black plague assertion':
Unidentified newspaper clipping in epidemic scrapbook, Dec. 29, 1918, College of Physicians Library, Philadelphia.

ports and naval facilities: Public Health Reports,
Sept. 13, 1918, 1554.

'an influenza-like disease':
Ibid., Sept. 20, 1918, 1599.

did not come again:
Charles Scott to William Walling, Oct. 1, 1918, RG 200, NA.

'After gasping for several hours':
Starr, 'Influenza in 1918,' 517.

'the city had almost stopped':
Ibid, 518.

Part VI: The Pestilence

CHAPTER TWENTY

'two groups of symptoms':
Edwin O. Jordan,
Epidemic Influenza
(1927), 260, 263.

'In nonfatal cases':
Maj. General Merritt W. Ireland, ed.,
Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War,
v. 9,
Communicable Diseases
(1928), 159.

'didn't care if I died':
Clifford Adams, Charles Hardy oral history tapes, West Chester University, June 3, 1982.

'sick as a dog':
Bill Sardo, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
Feb. 27, 1997.

'time was a blur':
William Maxwell, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
Feb. 26, 1997.

'ice would rattle':
Carla Morrisey, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
Feb. 26, 1997.

'happened to my hind legs':
John Fulton,
Harvey Cushing
(1946), 435.

'something like typhoid':
Dorothy Ann Pettit, 'A Cruel Wind: America Experiences the Pandemic Influenza, 1918/1920, A Social History' (1976), 91.

'on a narrow ledge over a pit':
Katherine Anne Porter, 'Pale Horse, Pale Rider' (1965), 310/12.

'pain above the diaphragm':
Richard Collier,
The Plague of the Spanish Lady: The Influenza Pandemic of 1918/1919
(1974), 35.

'Many had vomiting':
Ireland, ed.,
Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War,
v. 12,
Pathology of the Acute Respiratory Diseases, and of Gas Gangrene Following War Wounds
(1929), 13.

In Paris, while some:
Diane A. V. Puklin, 'Paris,' in Fred Van Hartesfeldt, ed.,
The 1918/1919 Pandemic of Influenza: The Urban Impact in the Western World
(1992), 71.

'general throughout Spain': Public Health Reports
33, part 2 (Sept. 27, 1918), 1667.

'beginning in the neck':
W. S. Thayer, 'Discussion of Influenza,'
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
(Nov. 1918), 61.

bowl of rice crispies:
Carla Morrisey, transcript of unaired interview for 'Influenza 1918,'
American Experience,
Feb. 26, 1997.

'rupture of the drum membrane':
Ireland, ed.,
Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War,
v. 9,
Communicable Diseases
(1928), 448.

'bulging eardrums':
Ireland,
Pathology of Acute Respiratory Diseases,
13.

'destructive action on the drum':
Burt Wolbach to Welch, Oct. 22, 1918, entry 29, RG 112, NA.

eye involvement with special frequency:
David Thomson and Robert Thomson,
Annals of the Pickett-Thomson Research Laboratory,
v. 10,
Influenza
(1934), 751.

ability to smell:
Ibid., 773.

'symptoms of exceeding variety':
Ireland,
Pathology of Acute Respiratory Diseases,
13.

'Intense cyanosis':
Ibid., 56, 141/42.

'even to an indigo blue':
Ireland,
Communicable Diseases,
159.

Many mechanisms can cause bleeding:
Interview with Dr. Alvin Schmaier, University of Michigan, Oct. 2, 2002; J. L. Mayer and D. S. Beardsley, 'Varicella-associated Thrombocytopenia: Autoantibodies Against Platelet Surface Glycoprotein V,'
Pediatric Research
(1996), 615/19.

'suffered from epistaxis':
Ireland,
Pathology of Acute Respiratory Diseases,
13, 35.