The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism (103 page)

32
. Statement of G. S. Bumpass, Bolton, Dickens, & Co., Acct. Book, NYHS; Sarah Benjamin, AS, S2, 2.1 (TX), 256–257; Sarah Wells, AS, 11.1 (AR), 89; Sarah Ashley, AS, 16.1 (TX), 34–35.

33
. “List of Slaves Oct. 1845,” vol. 124; Fols. 932–937, passim; Benjamin Barber to Paul C. Cameron (PC), August 1, 1853, Fol. 1103; John Beard to PC, February 14, 1853; J. W. Bryant to PC, February 2, 1853, Fol. 1126; John Webster to PC, November 24, 1856, Fol. 1163, and December 24, 1856, Fol. 1164, all in PCC.

34
. S. Tate to PC, December 26, 1856; Jas. Williamson to PC, December 26, 1856, Fol. 1164, and January 2, 1856; S. Tate to PC, January 16, 1857, Fol. 1165, all in PCC.

35
. W. T. Lamb to PC, September 16, 1860, Fol. 1210, and December 4, 18, 24, 1859, Fol. 1201; A. Wright to PC, November 6, 1858, Fol. 1188, all in PCC.

36
. D. F. Caldwell to PC, Fol. 1136, PCC.

37
. Fol. 33, A. H. Arrington Papers, SHC; L. C. Gray and Esther K. Thompson,
History of Agriculture in the Southern United States to 1860
(Washington, DC, 1933), 1:530.

38
. Lee Soltow,
Men and Wealth in the United States, 1850–1870
(New Haven, CT, 1975), 57, 142; Gavin Wright,
The Political Economy of the Cotton South: Households, Markets, and Wealth in the Nineteenth Century
(New York, 1978), 30–36; James Oakes,
The Ruling Race: A History of American Slaveowners
(New York, 1982).

39
. Manisha Sinha,
The Counterrevolution of Slavery: Politics and Ideology in Antebellum South Carolina
(Chapel Hill, NC, 2000); Ronald Takaki,
A Proslavery Crusade: The Agitation to Reopen the African Slave Trade
(New York, 1971).

40
. “Isthmus,”
DeBow’s Review
, July 1852, 43–52; Jere Robinson, “The South and the Pacific Railroad, 1845–1855,”
Western Historical Quarterly
5 (1974): 163–186; Stacey L. Smith, “Remaking Slavery in a Free State: Masters and Slaves in Gold Rush California,”
Pacific Historical Review
80 (2011): 28–63; Susan Lee Johnson,
Roaring Camp: The Social World of the California Gold Rush
(New York, 2000); John C. Parish, “A Project for a California Slave Colony in 1851,”
Huntington Library Bulletin
, no. 8 (1935): 171–175; Leonard L. Richards,
The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War
(New York, 2007).

41
. Brown,
Agents of Manifest Destiny
, 174–218.

42
. David Potter,
The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861
(New York, 1976), 146–156; William Cronon,
Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West
(New York, 1991).

43
. J. A. Reinhart to Jn. Dalton, January 20, 1851, Placebo Houston Papers, Duke; William W. Freehling,
The Road to Disunion
(New York, 1990), 1:540.

44
. Case 55, April 1845 term, Office of Circuit Court Clerk–St. Louis, Missouri State Archives–St. Louis,
http://stlcourtrecords.wustl.edu
, an excellent resource, initiated by Lea VanderVelde, accessed June 24, 2011.

45
. Don E. Fehrenbacher,
The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics
(New York, 1978); Lea VanderVelde,
Mrs. Dred Scott: A Life on Slavery’s Frontier
(New York, 2009).

46
. Freehling,
Road to Disunion
, 1:547–549; Thomas G. Balcerski, “The F Street Mess Reconsidered: A Homosocial History of the Kansas-Nebraska Act,” Unpublished paper presented at the Fall 2010 Americanist Colloquium, Cornell University.

47
. Robert W. Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
(New York, 1973); CG, 28:1, 33rd Cong. 1st sess., 115, January 4, 1854; Susan Bullit Dixon,
The True History of the Missouri Compromise and Its Repeal
(Cincinnati, 1899), 442–445; Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 160.

48
. Michael F. Holt,
Franklin Pierce
(New York, 2010), 77–80, 53; Dixon,
True History
, 457–460.

49
. Douglas to N. Edwards, April 13, 1854, in Robert W. Johannsen, ed.,
The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas
(Urbana, IL, 1961), 322–323; Johannsen,
Stephen A. Douglas
, 420.

50
. “Appeal of the Independent Democrats, to the People of the United States. Shall Slavery Be Permitted in Nebraska?” (Washington, DC, 1854); Sean Wilentz,
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln
(New York, 2005), 673–674.

51
. CG, March 3, 1854, 532; Roy F. Nichols, “The Kansas-Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography,”
Mississippi Valley Historical Review
43, no. 2 (1956): 187–212; Alan Nevins,
Ordeal of the Union
(New York, 1947), 2:129–130.

52
. Thomas O’Connor,
Lords of the Loom: The Cotton Whigs and the Coming of the Civil War
(New York, 1968), 98; Foner,
Business and Slavery
, 91–100.

53
. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 175.

54
.
CG
[appendix], March 30, 1854 (L. Keitt), 464–467; February 23, 1854 (Robert Toombs), 347–349; April 24, 1854 (Peter Phillips), 532–534; May 10, 1854 (James Dowdell), 705–706; April 27, 1854 (Wm. Smith), 553.

55
.
Washington National Intelligencer
, June 7, 1854;
Nashville Union
, June 7, 1854, September 20, 1854; Jonathan Atkins,
Party, Politics, and Sectional Conflict in Tennessee, 1832–1861
(Knoxville, TN, 1997), 193;
Tallahassee Floridian
, January 28, 1854;
Alexandria Gazette
, April 15, 1854.

56
.
Trenton Gazette
, October 5, 1854;
New York Weekly Herald
, December 16, 1854;
Tallahassee Floridian and Sentinel
, November 18, 1854; Brown,
Agents of Manifest Destiny
, 267–457; Freehling,
Road to Disunion
, 2:166; NOP, December 13, 1854.

57
.
New York Tribune
, September 25, 1854; Nicole Etcheson,
Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era
(Lawrence, KS, 2004), 67.

58
. Etcheson,
Bleeding Kansas
, 97;
New Hampshire Sentinel
, December 28, 1855;
Eufaula
(AL)
Spirit of the South
, in
Charleston Mercury
, January 25, 1856.

59
.
Augusta Constitutionalist
repr.,
Charleston Mercury
, May 28, 1855;
New York Weekly Herald
, May 24, 1856.

60
. Repr.
St. Albans
[VT]
Herald
, September 20, 1855; Etcheson,
Bleeding Kansas
, 109, 113–138.

61
. Potter,
Impending Crisis
, 248–265.

62
. Joel Silbey,
The Partisan Imperative: The Dynamics of American Political Life Before the Civil War
(New York, 1985);
Richmond Enquirer
, October 20, 1856; Freehling,
Road to Disunion
, 2:104.

63
. Austin Allen,
Origins of the Dred Scott Case: Jacksonian Jurisprudence and the Supreme Court, 1837–1857
(Athens, GA, 2006), 146–147; VanderVelde,
Mrs. Dred Scott
, 288–289; Kenneth Stampp,
1857: A Nation on the Brink
(New York, 1990), 149–170.

64
. Fehrenbacher,
Dred Scott
, 50–61.

65
. Allen,
Origins of the Dred Scott Case
, 179.

66
.
New York Tribune
, March 7, 9–12, 16–17, 19–21, 25, 1857, April 11, 1857; Fehrenbacher,
Dred Scott
, 403–414.

67
. Fehrenbacher,
Dred Scott
, is the most obvious critique and collates the opinions of various historians.

68
.
Washington Union
, March 6, 11, 12, 1857;
New York Journal of Commerce
, March 11, 1857;
New York Herald
, March 8, 1857; NOP, March 20, 1857; Fehrenbacher,
Dred Scott
, 418–419.

69
. Speech at Springfield, Illinois, June 26, 1857, LINCOLN 2:404.

70
. “Lecompton Constitution,” Daniel Wilder,
Annals of Kansas
(Topeka, 1875), 183; Stampp,
1857
, 171, 271.

71
. Charles Calomiris and Larry Schweikart, “The Panic of 1857: Origins, Transmission, and Containment,”
Journal of Economic History
54, no. 4 (1991): 807–834;
Mississippi Free Trader
, November 6, 1857; James L. Huston,
The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War
(Baton Rouge, LA, 1987), 63 (cf. 60); Foner,
Business and Slavery
, 139–147.

72
. “Speech at Hartford, Conn., Mar. 5, 1860,” LINCOLN, 4:5–6.

73
. “House Divided Speech,” June 18, 1858, LINCOLN, 2:461; August 21, 1858, LINCOLN, 3:27.

74
. For examples of selective reading of Lincoln to “prove” his racism, see George Frederickson,
Big Enough to Be Inconsistent: Abraham Lincoln Confronts Slavery and Race
(Cambridge, MA, 2008); Lerone Bennett,
Forced into Glory: Abraham Lincoln’s White Dream
(Chicago, 2000).

75
. LINCOLN, 2:461; Freehling,
Road to Disunion
, 2:130–135; Robert Remini,
The House: The History of the House of Representatives
(New York, 2006), 155;
Alexandria Gazette
, April 4, 1858.

76
. Douglas to J. McClernand, February 21, 1858, in Johannsen,
Douglas Letters
, 417.

77
. Harriet Newby to Dangerfield Newby, August 16, 1859, in
Governor’s Message and Reports
, 116–117, Library of Virginia, Richmond,
www.lva.virginia.gov//files/91/91/f9191/public/trailblazers/res/Harriet_Newby_Letters.pdf
, accessed March 7, 2014.

78
. Four escaped, and three others fled the Maryland farm hideout where they had stayed as a rear guard. Two of these seven were captured and hanged. Four of the surviving five fought for the Union, of whom two were killed.

79
.
Charleston Mercury
, January 4, 1860: Freehling,
Road to Disunion
, 2:214;
Barre Gazette
, December 23, 1859;
Farmers’ Cabinet
, January 11, 1860; Ollinger Crenshaw, “The Psychological Background of the Election of 1860,”
North Carolina Historical Review
19 (1942): c. 260; Peter Wallenstein, “Incendiaries All . . . etc.,” in Paul Finkelman, ed.,
His Soul Goes Marching On: Responses to John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid
(Charlottesville, VA, 1995).