The Holocaust (150 page)
Authors: Martin Gilbert
Hitler Youth: established (1926),
1
; shown an anti-Semitic film (1940),
2
; and an ‘action’ in Lodz (1942),
3
; and a death march (1945),
4
; and the murder of Jews at Lübeck,
5
Hlinka Guard: a Jewess in action against, killed (1944),
1
Hoch (a German Jew): ‘dying’ (1943),
1
Hoch, Nachum: recalls a punishment in Auschwitz,
1
; recalls an attempted escape in Auschwitz, and its sequel,
2
Hochberg, Aaron: killed (1941),
1
Hochberg-Marianska, Maria: an eye-witness to the murder of children,
1
Hochberger, Moritz: killed, trying to escape (1944),
1
Hochman, Leib Michel: killed (1939),
1
Hochshild, Don Mauricio: and release of Jews (1937),
1
Hoengen: the
Kristallnacht
(1938) in,
1
Hoess, Rudolf: commandant of Auschwitz,
1
; and a massacre at Budy (1942),
2
; asked for human hair (1943),
3
; and medical experiments,
4
; and a Jewish act of defiance,
5
; and a reprisal,
6
Hoessler, SS Lieutenant Franz: and the death of Jacob Edelstein,
690
Höfle, SS Major Hermann: in charge of deportations from Warsaw (1942),
1
Hohlfelder, Professor: and medical experiments,
1
Hoichbaum, Hersh Getzel: commits suicide (1942),
1
Holender, Yankel: and the day of liberation,
1
Hollaender, Gerta: recalls an ‘action’,
1
Holland: Jews find refuge in,
1
,
2
; occupied by Germany,
3
; Jewish refugees trapped in,
4
; a deportation from (1941),
5
; and the ‘final solution’,
6
; Jews deported to Sobibor from (1942),
7
; Jews deported from, on the river Bug,
8
; Jews deported to Auschwitz from,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
.
14
,
15
,
16
,
17
,
18
,
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,
20
,
21
,
22
,
23
,
24
,
25
; a Jew from, at Sobibor, and a reprisal,
26
; Jews from, in a Warsaw labour camp,
27
; a painter from, killed at Sobibor,
28
; a Jewish girl from Germany, in hiding in,
29
; Jews from, in transit,
30
; western allies advance towards,
31
; final deportees from Auschwitz to,
32
; a German Catholic rescues some Jews from,
33
Hollender, Albert: recalls a deportation to Auschwitz,
1
Holzer, Isaac: deported to Auschwitz (1940),
1
Home Army: a member of, witnesses a round-up of Jews,
1
; members of, kill Jews,
2
,
3
,
4
; offers to rescue Jewish underground leaders,
5
Homosexuals: sent to concentration camps (1933),
1
; murdered at Mauthausen,
2
; the death toll of,
3
Hong Kong:
1
Hook of Holland: Jews leave (1938),
1
; (1939),
2
Horbacki, Wladyslaw: shelters two Jewish women,
1
Horodenka: mass murder at (1941),
1
,
2
n.
3
; Jews deported to Belzec from (1941),
4
Horodzei: mass murder at (1942),
1
Horowicz, Irena: murdered with her child (1943),
1
Horowitz (a dancer): her act of defiance,
1
Horthy, Admiral: Hitler urges deportation of Jews at meeting with (17 April 1943),
1
; Hitler again urges deportation of Jews on (18 March 1944),
2
; agrees to halt deportations (7 July 1944),
3
; his promises overtaken by events (15
October 1944),
1
Hoshana Rabba (the Great Prayer): a day of judgement, and of massacre (1941),
1
Hoszcza: Jews given refuge in,
1
Hoter-Yishai, Aharon: recalls death of survivors (1945),
1
Hrubieszow: a deportation from (1939),
1
; a further deportation from (1942),
2
; Jews seek safety near (1943),
3
Hungary:
1
; anti-Jewish legislation in
(1938),
2
; Jews seek refuge in (1938),
3
and (1939),
4
and (1940),
5
; Jews of (1941),
6
; mass murder of Jews from (at Kamenets Podolsk, 1941),
7
; Jews of (1942),
8
; and the ‘final solution’,
9
; and the murder of Jews in Yugoslavia,
10
; fate of a Jewess from,
11
; and the German wish for deportations from,
12
; a citizen of, deported from Belgium to Auschwitz,
13
; sends Jews to forced labour (February 1943),
14
; Jews not being deported from (1943),
15
; Hitler urges, in vain, deportation of Jews from (17 April 1943),
16
; and a German propaganda proposal,
17
; the deportation of the Jews of, planned and begun,
18
,
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,
20
; continued deportations from,
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,
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,
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,
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,
25
; medical experiments on Jews from (1944),
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; deportations from, halted,
27
; Jewish deportees from Rome reach,
28
; Jews from, in a labour camp in Warsaw,
29
; Jews from, sent from Auschwitz to factories near Berlin,
30
; fate of boys from, at Auschwitz,
31
; Jews once more at risk in (October 1944),
32
; Jews from, killed in Warsaw (October 1944),
33
; a German Catholic rescues some Jews from (1945),
34
; guards from, at Belsen,
35
Huppert, Heinrich: deported from Finland to Auschwitz,
1
‘Hurrah’: a signal for revolt,
1
,
2
Huttenbach, Henry R.: and courage,
1
Ijmuiden: Jews reach, on way to safety (1940),
1
Imber, S.J.: deported,
1
Inotest: and a death train (1941),
1
International Red Cross: its protest,
1
; seeks to protect Jews in Budapest,
2
,
3
; takes over Theresienstadt after SS flee,
4
‘Internationale’: sung on the way to death,
1
Ipp, Dr. Tania: saved,
1
Irish Republic: fate of Jews in, discussed,
1
Iron Gates: Jews reach (1939),
1
Iron Guard: and anti-Jewish violence in Rumania,
1
,
2
Irrman (an SS-man): at Belzec,
1
,
2
Isaac, Rabbi: an act of defiance by,
1
Israel: Jews refused permission to emigrate to,
1
n.
2
,
3
n.
4
; trees planted in the ‘Avenue of the Righteous’ in,
5
n.
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,
7
n.
8
; the survivor of a ‘Blobel Commando’ reaches,
9
n.
10
; re-union of twins at (1984),
11
n.
12
; President of, formerly with the British troops who entered Belsen,
13
n.
14
Israel, Wilfrid:
1
; reports on concentration camps (1938),
2
; warns of reprisals (1938),
3
Issaszeg: a death march through (1944),
1
Istanbul: a Jewess saved at (1942),
1
; fate of a Jew born in,
2
; Jews allowed to land at (1943),
3
; a Jewess born in, deported from Italy (1944),
4
; an emissary from Eichmann at,
5
Italian Front (1915): fate of a former soldier on,
1
Italy:
1
,
2
,
3
; Jews of, listed,
4
; and the Jews of Croatia,
5
,
6
; Jews of, not deported,
7
; protects Jews,
8
,
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,
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,
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; Germans deport Jews from (1943),
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,
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; further deportations from (1944),
14
,
15
; Jews sent to safety in,
16
Iwje: mass murder at (1942),
1
Izbica Kujawska: fate of the Jews of (1942),
1
; Jews from, at Chelmno,
2
,
3
,
4
,
5
; mass murder of Jews from (14 January 1942),
6
,
7
,
8
Izbica Lubelska: deportations to Belzec through (1942),
1
,
2
,
3
Izbizki, Haim Reuben: at Chelmno,
1
,
2
Izieu (France): Jewish children deported from, to their deaths,
1
Izraelit (a tailor): saves himself,
1
Izykson, Joshua: shot (1942),
1
Jablonica: Jews drowned in (1941),
1
Jacob, Max: dies at Drancy (1944),
1
Jacobi, Dr: and the deportation of Jews by rail,
1
Jachowicz, Josef: a Jewish child entrusted to,
1
,
2
Jacobi, Harry: rescued from Holland (1940),
1
Jaeckeln, SS Lieutenant-General Franz: promises ‘liquidation’ of
1
,000 Jews (1941),
2
Jaeger, SS Colonel Karl: reports on fate of Lithuanian Jewry (1941),
1
,
2
Jaffa: riots in (1933),
1
; nine Jews killed in (1936),
2
Jajinci: Jews shot at (1941),
1
Jakobowitz (‘a healthy and strong man’): shot (1942),
1
Jakubowicz, Jehuda: at Chelmno,
1
,
2
Jakubowski, Zalman: at Chelmno,
1
Jamniak, Sure: shot (1942),
1
Jan, J. von: his courageous sermon (1938),
1
Jankelewicz, Chaim: commits suicide (1943),
1
Jankowski, Stanislaw: recalls two acts of defiance at Birkenau,
1
; recalls (under his original name, Alter Feinsilber), the deportation of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz-Birkenau,
2
Janover, Hillel: shot (1941),
1
Janowska Camp (Lvov): sadism at (1942),
1
; death of a Jew at (1942),
2
; and a massive reprisal (1943),
3
; and the digging up and burning of corpses,
4
; and the fall of Mussolini,
5
; the fate of twenty-four girls at,
6
; continued killings in,
7
; revolt at,
8
Japan: Jews find refuge in (1940),
1
; attacks the United States (1941),
2
Jasenovac: murders at,
1
,
2
; revolt at (1945),
3
Jasiolka river: bones thrown into (1943),
1
Jasionowka: a round-up in (1943),
1
Jassy (Iasi): massacre at (1941),
1
; death trains from,
2
Jawiszowice: a labour camp at,
1
Jaworow: Jews tormented in (1942),
1
; Jews deported to Belzec from,
2
Jedwabne: mass murder at (1941),
1
Jehovah’s Witnesses: murdered at Mauthausen,
1
Jejkowice: Jews shot at (1945),
1
Jerusalem: Jews exhorted to go to (1933),
1
; Arab protests in (1933),
2
,
3
; and the city of Worms,
4
; Chelmno gassings recalled in,
5
; Roman siege of, recalled in Warsaw,
6
; fate of a Jew born in,
7
; a massacre (of 1942) described in (in 1961),
8
; information about German intentions reaches,
9
; and Marseilles,
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; of Lithuania, destroyed,
11
; trees planted in the ‘Avenue of the Righteous’ in,
12
n.
13
,
14
n.
15
; a funeral in, of a Catholic who saved Jews,
16
; survivors gather in (1981),
17
; a child’s shoe from Treblinka on display in,
18
n.
19
Jesus: abused as a Jew (1934),
1
; his ‘non-Aryan’ followers,
2
; and the
Kristallnacht
in Baden Baden (1938),
3
; and the fate of a young Jew at Ejszyszki (1941),
4
Jew Suss:
a film suffused with hatred (1940),
1
Jewish Brigade: a soldier from, recalls fate of the survivors at Dachau and Belsen,
1
Jewish Chronicle:
Churchill’s message to (1941),
1
Jewish Councils: established (1939),
1
,
2
,
3
; in Warsaw,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
; in Piotrkow,
13
,
14
; in Wlodawa,
15
; in Szczebrzeszyn,
16
,
17
; in Lodz,
18
,
19
; in East Upper Silesia,
20
; in German-occupied Russia,
21
; at Dubossary,
22
; at Kovno,
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,
24
,
25
,
26
,
27
; at Vilna,
28
,
29
,
30
,
31
,
32
,
33
; at Stanislawow,
34
; at Kalisz,
35
; in Minsk,
36
,
37
; at Kleck,
38
; at Nowogrodek,
39
; in Bialystok,
40
,
41
,
42
; at Izbica Kujawska,
43
; at Brailov,
44
; at Baranowicze,
45
; at Zdunska Wola,
46
,
47
; at Drohobycz,
48
; at Jaworow,
49
; at Bilgoraj,
50
; at Dambrowa (Silesia),
51
; at Markuszow,
52
; at Iwje,
53
; at Zdzieciol,
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,
55
; in Ozorkow,
56
; in Cracow,
57
; at Pilica,
58
; in Holland,
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,
60
; at Molczadz,
61
; at Nieswiez,
62
,
63
; at Szarkowszczyzna,
64
; in Minsk,
65
; at Zwierzyniec,
66
; at Krzemieniec,
67
; at Wlodzimierz Wolynski,
68
,
69
; at Lachwa,
70
; at Tuczyn,
71
; at Korzec,
72
; at Serniki,
73
; at Kaluszyn,
74
; in Siemiatycze,
75
; at Marcinkance,
76
; at Zloczow,
77
; from Zamosc (at Belzec),
78
; at Turobin,
79
; of Opoczno,
80
; in Radomsko,
81
; at Lomza,
82
; at Lvov,
83
; in Bialystok,
84
; at Khmielnik,
85
; at Sosnowiec,
86
; in Siauliai,
87
; in Theresienstadt,
88
; in Budapest,
89
