The Indian Ocean (65 page)
41 Janet Abu-Lughod, 'The World-System Perspective in the Construction of Economic History', in Philip Pomper et al., eds,
World History: Ideologies, Structures and Identities
, Oxford, Blackwell, 1998, p. 75.
1
Deep structure
1 Fernand Braudel,
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
, London, Collins, 1972, 2 vols, p. 353.
2 Frank Broeze, 'Introduction', in Frank Broeze, ed.,
Brides of the Sea: Port Cities of Asia from the 16th-20th Centuries
, Sydney, New South Wales University Press, 1989, pp. 3, 21.
3 Chandra Richard de Silva, 'Indian Ocean but not African Sea',
Journal of Black Studies
, XXIX, 5, May 1999, pp. 684–94.
4 Alan Villiers, T
he Indian Ocean
, London, Museum Press, 1952, pp. 5, 17; Central Intelligence Agency (CIA),
Atlas of the Indian Ocean
, Washington, CIA, n.d., pp. 3–5.
5 CIA World Factbook, 2000, available HTTP
6 Robert K. Headland,
Chronological List of Antarctic Expeditions and Related Historical Events
, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 12–13.
7 For a very technical discussion see Vivian Louis Forbes,
The Maritime Boundaries of the Indian Ocean Region
, Singapore, National University of Singapore, 1995.
8 John O'Kane, trans. and ed.,
The Ship of Sulaiman
, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972, p. 163.
9 Joseph Conrad,
Typhoon, and other Tales
, New York, New American Library, 1963, 'The Shadow Line,' p. 380.
10 O'Kane,
The Ship of Sulaiman
, pp. 159–60.
11 Donald K. Emmerson, 'The Case for a Maritime Perspective on Southeast Asia',
Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
, XI, l, March 1980, pp. 139–45.
12 Abu Zaid Hasan ibn Yazid,
Ancient Accounts of India and China
, London, printed for Sam. Harding, 1733, p. 93. For a comparable account from 1876 see an extended description, including of Jiddah, in Isabel Burton,
A.E.I. Arabia, Egypt, India: A Narrative of Travel
, London, W. Mullan and Son, 1879, pp. 71–100
13 Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ibn Jubair,
The Travels of Ibn Jubayr (1183–1185 AC)
, trans. R.J.C. Broadhurst, London, Jonathan Cape, 1952, pp. 69 et seq.
14 Daniel's account in William Foster, ed.,
The Red Sea
, London, Hakluyt Society, 1949, pp. 64–70.
15 Tomé Pires,
The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires
, ed. A. Cortesão, London, Hakluyt Society, 1944, 2 vols, I, p. 9.
16 Jacques-Yves Cousteau,
The Living Sea
, New York, Nick Lyons Books, 1963, p. 33. Isabel Burton (pp. 93–9) noticed this in January 1876: the locals told her it was a consequence of the opening of the Suez Canal.
17 Isabel Burton,
A.E.I.
, p. 99.
18 Marco Polo,
The Book of Ser Marco Polo
, trans. and ed. Henry Yule and Henri Cordier, London, John Murray, 1921, 2 vols, I, 108. Deltas, such as the Hughli, could be just as dangerous. For a harrowing account of the Rufiji delta in Tanzania see Alan Villiers,
Sons of Sinbad
, New York, C.Scribner's Sons, 1940, pp. 191–2.
19 Felipe Fernández-Armesto, 'The Indian Ocean in World History', in Anthony Disney and Emily Booth, eds,
Vasco da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia
, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 16.
20 See his contribution in F. Bethencourt and D. Ramada Curto, eds,
Portuguese Expansion, 1400–1822: A Collection of Essays
, New York, Cambridge University Press, forthcoming.
21 Colonel James Capper,
Observations on the Passage to India through Egypt and across the Great Desert
. . ., 2nd ed., London, Printed for W. Faden, 1784, p. vi.
22 M. Lesourd, 'Notes sur les Nawakid, Navigateurs de la Mer Rouge',
Bolletin de l'Institute Français d'Afrique Noire
, Serie B, Dakar, vol. XX, 1960, pp. 346–55, especially pp. 349–50.
23 Fernão Lopes de Castanheda,
História do descobrimento e conquista da India pelos Portugueses
, 3rd ed., Coímbra, Impr. da Universidade, 1924–33, 9 vols, VIII, xliii.
24 William Foster, ed.,
Early Travels in India
, Delhi, S. Chand, 1968, pp. 301–2.
25 G.R. Tibbetts,
Arab Navigation in the Indian Ocean before the Coming of the Portuguese,
London, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1971, p. 231, and cf. pp. 360–82 for a gloss by Tibbetts on the dictatorship of the monsoons. On pp. 225–42 is Ibn Majid on the monsoons in the whole Indian Ocean.
26 Elaine Sanceau, 'Uma Narrativa da Expedição Portuguesa de 1541 ao Mar Roxo',
Studia
, IX, 1962, pp. 199–234 [letter of D. Manuel de Lima to King, Goa, 18 November 1541]. The account is from pp. 226–7.
27 George F. Hourani, revised and expanded by John Carswell,
Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Medieval Times
, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 150; Tim Severin,
The Sinbad Voyage
, London, Hutchinson, 1982, passim.
28 Thor Heyerdahl,
The Tigris Expedition: In Search of our Beginnings
, Garden City, Doubleday, 1981, pp. 187, 222.
29 Alexander Frater,
Chasing the Monsoon
, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1991, p. 23.
30 CIA,
Atlas
, p. 7.
31 Alan Villiers,
The Set of the Sails: The Adventures of a Cape Horn Seaman
, London, Pan, 1955 (first ed. 1940), p. 246.
32 Villiers,
Indian Ocean
, pp. 11–12.
33 Des Kearns,
World Wanderer
, Sydney, Angus & Robertson, 1971, p. 63.
34 Villiers,
Indian Ocean
, p. 13. See a stunning description in Patrick O'Brian's novel
H.M.S. Surprise
, Bath, Chivers Press, 2000, pp. 260–87.
35 Villiers,
Set of the Sails
, p. 84.
36 Daniel Behrman,
Assault on the Largest Unknown: The International Indian Ocean Expedition, 1959–65
, Paris, Unesco Press, 1981, p. 33; P. Bellwood, 'From Bird's Head to Bird's Eye View: Long Term Structures and Trends in Indo-Pacific Prehistory', in J. Miedema, C. Ode and R.A.C. Dam, eds,
Perspectives on the Bird's Head of Irian Jaya, Indonesia
, Amsterdam, Rodopi, 1998.
37 Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell,
The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History
, Vol. I, Oxford, Blackwell, 2000, p. 310.
38 Anthony Reid, 'The System of Trade and Shipping in Maritime South and Southeast Asia, and the Effects of the Development of the Cape route to Europe', in H. Pohl, ed.,
The European Discovery of the World and its Economic Effects on Pre-Industrial Society, 1500–1800
, Stuttgart, F. Steiner, 1990, pp. 94–5.
39 Jennifer Ackerman, 'New Eyes on the Oceans',
National Geographic
, October 2000, pp. 92–3.
40 Jerónimo Lobo,
The Itinerary of Jerónimo Lobo
, trans. Donald M. Lockhart, London, Hakluyt Society, 1984, p. 308.
41 Maria Graham,
Journal of a Residence in India
, Edinburgh, A. Constable, 1813, p. 174.
42 Sir James Lancaster,
The Voyage of Sir James Lancaster to Brazil and the East Indies, 1591–1603
, ed. W. Foster, Hakluyt Society, 1940, pp. 8–9.
43 A.J.R. Russell-Wood,
A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415–1808
, New York, St Martin's Press, 1992, p. 98.
44 Heyerdahl,
The Tigris Expedition
, p. 71.
45 Mrs Jemima Kindersley,
Letters from the Island of Teneriffe, Brazil, the Cape of Good Hope, and the East Indies
, London, J. Nourse, 1777, p. 81.
2
Humans and the sea
1 Fernand Braudel,
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II
, London, Collins, 1972, 2 vols, I, p. 276.
2 This terminology has to be distinguished from the use,
pace
Horden and Purcell, of a history
of
the sea, as compared with history
in
the sea.
3 K.N. Chaudhuri,
Trade and Civilization in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750
, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985, p. 160.
4 Predrag Matvejevic,
Mediterranean: A Cultural Landscape
, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1999, p. 66.
5 Braudel,
The Mediterranean
, pp. 168, 170. See also Sugata Bose's essay 'Space and Time in the Indian Ocean Rim: Theory and History', in Leila Tarazi Fawaz and C.A. Bayly, eds,
Modernity and Culture: From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean
, New York, Columbia University Press, 2002, pp. 365–88.
6 Jorge Manuel Flores,
Os Portugueses e o Mar de Ceilão: Trato, Diplomacia e Guerra (1498–1543)
, Lisbon, Cosmos, 1998.
7 Jean-Claude Penrad, 'Societies of the Ressac: The Mainland meets the Ocean', in David Parkin, ed.,
Continuity and autonomy in Swahili Communities: inland influences and strategies of self-determination
, London, SOAS, 1994, pp. 41–8.
8 H. Neville Chittick, 'East Africa and the Orient: Ports and Trade Before the Arrival of the Portuguese', in C. Mehaud, ed.,
Historical Relations across the Indian Ocean
, Paris, UNESCO, 1980, p. 13.
9 Ralph Austen,
African Economic History: Internal Development and External Dependency
, London, James Currey, 1987, p. 58.
10 Peregrine Horden and Nicholas Purcell,
The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History
, vol. I, Oxford, Blackwell, 2000, pp. 151, 377.
11 Ibid, p. 267.
12 H.W. Van Santen, 'Trade between Mughal India and the Middle East, and Mughal Monetary Policy, c. 1600–1660', in Karl Reinhold Haellquist, ed.,
Asian Trade Routes: Continental and Maritime
, London, Curzon Press, 1991, p.90.
13 Jacques-Yves Cousteau, L
ife and Death in a Coral Sea
, Garden City, NY, Doubleday, 1971, p. 79.
14 Frank Broeze, 'Introduction', in Broeze, ed.,
Gateways of Asia: Port Cities of Asia from the 13th to the 20th Centuries
, London, Kegan Paul International, 1997, pp. 3–4.
15 Matvejevic,
Mediterranean
, pp. 13–14.
16 Audrey N. Clark,
Longman Dictionary of Geography
, Essex, Essex University Press, 1985, s.v. 'umland'.
17 Perhaps the best discussion is Frank Broeze, 'The External Dynamic of Port City Morphology: Bombay, 1815–1914', in Indu Banga, ed.,
Ports and their Hinterlands in India, 1700–1950
, New Delhi, Manohar, 1992, pp. 245–52. See also B.S. Hoyle, 'Maritime Perspectives on Ports and Port Systems: The Case of East Africa', in Frank Broeze, ed.,
Brides of the Sea: Port Cities of Asia from the 16th-20th Centuries
, Sydney, University of New South Wales Press, 1989, pp. 188–93. K.N. Chaudhuri has also contributed here: see his
Trade and Civilisation
, pp. 98–118; 160–81.
18 Rhoads Murphey, 'On the Evolution of the Port City', in Broeze, ed.,
Brides of the Sea
, p. 225. This fine article, and the book in which it appears, made a most substantial contribution to the study of port cities.
19 W.G. Palgrave, quoted in Fouad Ajami,
The Dream Palace of the Arabs
, New York, Pantheon Books, 1998, p. 154,
20 Muhammad ibn Ahmad Ibn Jubair,
The Travels of Ibn Jubayr (1183–1185 AC)
, trans. R.J.C. Broadhurst, London, Jonathan Cape, 1952, pp. 63–4.
21 M.D.D. Newitt,
A History of Mozambique
, London, Hurst, 1994, pp. 12, 31, 141 et seq.
22 Himanshu Prabha Ray, 'Introduction', in Ray and Jean-Francois Salles, eds,
Tradition and Archeology: Early Maritime Contacts in the Indian Ocean
, New Delhi, Manohar, 1996, p. 2.
23 A. Vallavanthara,
India in 1500 AD: The Narrative of Joseph the Indian
, Mannanam, Research Institute for Studies in History, 1984, pp. 152–5.
