The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself (77 page)

6.
Roger Mettam, ‘Power, Status and Precedence: Rivalries among the Provincial Elites of Louis XIV's France’,
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
(5th series), 38 (1988), pp. 43–62.

7.
Feyel,
L'annonce et la nouvelle
, pp. 476–92.

8.
This schedule is reconstructed ibid., pp. 486–92.

9.
Burke,
Fabrication
, p. 76.

10.
Gazette extraordinaire
, 77, July 1673. Quoted Feyel,
L'annonce et la nouvelle
, p. 435.

11.
Feyel,
L'annonce et la nouvelle
, p. 501.

12.
Ibid., p. 466.

13.
François Moureau,
Répertoire des Nouvelles à la Main. Dictionnaire de la presse manuscrite clandestine XVIe–XVIIIe siècle
(Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1999); Moreau (ed.),
De bonne main. La communication manuscrite au XVIII siècle
(Paris: Universitas, and Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1993).

14.
Joseph Klaits,
Printed Propaganda under Louis XIV: Absolute Monarchy and Public Opinion
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), pp. 50–6.

15.
Jane McLeod,
Licensing Loyalty: Printers, Patrons and the State in Early Modern France
(University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011).

16.
It was generally published under the more unwieldy title of
Nouvelles extraordinaires de divers endroits
.

17.
Jeremy D. Popkin,
News and Politics in the Age of Revolution: Jean Luzac's Gazette de Leyde
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1989).

18.
Klaits,
Propaganda
, p. 91.

19.
Quoted ibid., p. 169.

20.
Quoted ibid., p. 248.

21.
James Sutherland,
The Restoration Newspaper and its Development
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Harold Weber,
Paper Bullets: Print and Kingship under Charles II
(Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 1996); Knights,
Representation and Misrepresentation
.

22.
J. G. Muddiman,
The King's Journalist
(London: Bodley Head, 1923).

23.
Anne Dunan-Page and Beth Lynch (eds),
Roger L'Estrange and the Making of Restoration Culture
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008).

24.
The Intelligencer
, 31 August 1663.

25.
P. M. Handover,
A History of the London Gazette, 1665–1965
(London: HMSO, 1965).

26.
Ibid.; Peter Fraser,
The Intelligence of the Secretaries of State & their Monopoly of Licensed News, 1660–1688
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), pp. 43–56; Alan Marshall,
Intelligence and Espionage in the Reign of Charles II
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).

27.
Fraser,
Intelligence
, pp. 30–32.

28.
Alan Marshall,
The Strange Death of Edmund Godfrey: Plots and Politics in Restoration London
(Stroud: Sutton, 1999); Peter Hinds,
The Horrid Popish Plot: Roger L'Estrange and the Circulation of Political Discourse in Late Seventeenth-Century London
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010). The classic treatment is John Kenyon,
The Popish Plot
(London: Heinemann, 1972).

29.
Sutherland,
Restoration Newspaper
, p. 15.

30.
The classic survey is Bryant Lillywhite,
London Coffee Houses: A Reference Book of the Coffee Houses of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
(London: George Allen & Unwin, 1963).

31.
Quoted Fraser,
Intelligence
, p. 119.

32.
Cowan,
The Social Life of Coffee
, pp. 196–8.

33.
Frank Staff,
The Penny Post, 1680–1918
(London: Lutterworth, 1964), pp. 34–51; Thomas Todd,
William Dockwra and the Rest of the Undertakers: The Story of the London Penny Post, 1680–2
(Edinburgh: Cousland, 1952); Duncan Campbell-Smith,
Masters of the Post: The Authorised History of the Royal Mail
(London: Allen Lane, 2011), pp. 59–61.

34.
Fraser,
Intelligence
; Marshall,
Intelligence and Espionage
, pp. 78–95.

35.
Sutherland,
Restoration Newspaper
, p. 18.

36.
Mark Goldie, ‘Roger L'Estrange's
Observator
and the Exorcism of the Plot’, in Dunan-Page and Lynch (eds),
Roger L'Estrange
, pp. 67–88.

37.
Mark Knights,
Politics and Opinion in the Exclusion Crisis, 1678–1681
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 168. The overall levels of printing activity are charted in John Barnard and Maureen Bell, ‘Statistical Tables’, in Barnard and D. F. McKenzie (eds),
The Cambridge History of the Book in Britain. Volume IV, 1557–1695
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 779–84.

38.
Knights,
Politics and Opinion
, p. 169.

39.
Sutherland,
Restoration Newspaper
, p. 23.

40.
William B. Ewald,
The Newsmen of Queen Anne
(Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1956), p. 7; Julian Hoppit,
A Land of Liberty? England 1689–1727
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 178.

41.
G. A. Cranfield,
The Development of the Provincial Newspaper, 1700–1760
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962); R. M. Wiles,
Freshest Advices: Early Provincial Newspapers in England
(Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1965).

42.
Wiles,
Freshest Advices
, p. 192.

43.
Ibid.

44.
Daily Courant
, 15 August 1704;
Flying Post
, 2 September 1704; Ewald,
Newsmen of Queen Anne
, pp. 34–5, 38–40.

45.
Sutherland,
Restoration Newspaper
, pp. 91–122.

46.
Daily Courant
, 11 March 1702, quoted Wiles,
Freshest Advices
, p. 269.

47.
Hoppit,
Land of Liberty?
, p. 181; Geoffrey Holmes,
The Trial of Doctor Sacheverell
(London: Eyre Methuen, 1973); Mark Knights (ed.),
Faction Displayed: Reconsidering the Trial of Dr Henry Sacheverell
(London: Parliamentary Yearbook Trust, 2012).

48.
Wiles,
Freshest Advices
, pp. 46 ff.

Chapter 12 The Search for Truth

1.
The true report of the burning of the steeple and church of Paul's in London
(London: William Seres, 1561). Modern reprint in A. F. Pollard,
Tudor Tracts, 1532–1588
(Westminster: Constable 1903), here p. 405. STC 19930. USTC 505897. There was also a French translation:
Récit veritable du grand temple et clocher de la cité de Londres, en Angleterre, nommé saint Paul, ruïné et destruit par la foudre du tonnerre
(Lyon: Jean Saugrain, 1561). USTC 37109.

2.
Pollard,
Tudor Tracts
, p. 406.

3.
Ibid., p. 407. The fire at St Paul's is also discussed in Alexandra Walsham,
Providence in Early Modern England
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 232–4.

4.
M. A. Overall, ‘The Exploitation of Francesco Spiera’,
Sixteenth Century Journal
, 26 (1995), pp. 619–37. Even in the 1690s, a completely different deathbed confession of a repentant atheist could draw on the enduring fame of Spiera. This so-called
Second Spira
sold 30,000 copies before it was exposed as a fake. J. Paul Hunter,
Before Novels: The Cultural Contexts of Eighteenth-Century English Fiction
(New York: Norton, 1990), pp. 182–4.

5.
Nehemiah Wallington possessed a manuscript copy of the account of Spiera published by Nathaniel Bacon in 1638. David Booy,
The Notebooks of Nehemiah Wallington, 1618–1654
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), pp. 154, 274–5. For Wallington, see also below, Chapter 16.

6.
Michel Chomarat and Jean-Paul Laroche,
Bibliographie Nostradamus
(Baden Baden: Koerner, 1989).

7.
Norman Jones,
The Birth of the Elizabethan Age: England in the 1560s
(Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), p. 40.

8.
B. S. Capp,
Astrology and the Popular Press: English Almanacs, 1500–1800
(London: Faber and Faber, 1979).

9.
For Brant, see Chapter 3 above. Of the four hundred illustrated German broadsheets logged in the USTC database, over 130 deal with these heavenly apparitions. For other forms of illustrated news broadsheets see above, Chapter 4.

10.
Walter L. Strauss,
The German Single-Leaf Woodcut, 1550–1600
, 3 vols (New York: Abaris, 1975), pp. 163, 480, 648, 939 (comet of 1577), 399, 656 (multiple suns).

11.
Ibid., pp. 481, 949.

12.
Ibid., pp. 350, 396, 860.

13.
Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell,
The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 174.

14.
Nehemiah Wallington,
Historical notices of events occurring chiefly in the reign of Charles I
, ed. R. Webb (London: Bentley, 1869), pp. 150–1.

15.
Jennifer Spinks,
Monstrous Births and Visual Culture in Sixteenth-Century Germany
(London: Chatto & Pickering, 2009); Julie Crawford,
Marvelous Protestantism: Monstrous Births in Post-Reformation England
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005).

16.
Spinks,
Monstrous Births
, pp. 59–79.

17.
The true description of two monstrous children born at Herne in Kent
(London, 1565). STC 6774. Other broadsheets of the same period and genre are illustrated in Crawford,
Marvelous Protestantism
.

18.
David Cressy,
Agnes Bowker's Cat: Travesties and Transgressions in Tudor and Stuart England
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); Jones,
Birth of the Elizabethan Age
, pp. 45–7.

19.
Andrew Hadfield, ‘News of the Sussex Dragon’,
Reformation
, 17 (2012), pp. 99–113.

20.
Above, Chapter 10.

21.
Leo Noordegraaf and Gerrit Valk,
De Gave Gods: De pest in Holland vanaf de late Middeleeuwen
, 2nd edn (Amsterdam: Bakker, 1996); Cunningham and Grell,
Four Horsemen
, Chapter 5.

22.
Claire Tomalin,
Samuel Pepys
(London: Viking, 2002), pp. 227–35.

23.
Steven Shapin
, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England
(Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994).

24.
Above, Chapter 1. The concept of honour in news is developed particularly in David Randall,
Credibility in Elizabethan and Early Stuart Military News
(London: Pickering & Chatto, 2008). C.f. Shapin,
Social History of Truth
, pp. 65–125.

25.
James Shirley,
Love Tricks or the School of Complement
, quoted Jayne E. E. Boys,
London's News Press and the Thirty Years War
(Woodbridge: Boydell, 2011), p. 170.

26.
Quoted Stephen J. A. Ward,
The Invention of Journalism Ethics
(Montreal: McGill University Press, 2004), p. 119.

27.
20 October 1631, STC 18507.227; quoted Boys,
London News Press
, p. 175.

28.
Quoted Boys,
London News Press
, p. 171.

29.
Ibid., p. 170.

30.
Ben Jonson,
A Staple of News
, Act I, scene 4, lines 10–11. A groat was worth four pence.