The Jewish Gospels (24 page)

Ancient of Days: in Aphrahat's interpretation,
39–40
,
44
; in Daniel's vision,
32–33
; Enoch and,
84
; “head of days” and,
75
,
175n6
; mythographical similarities,
48
; Sabbath and,
68
; in Similitudes,
92
,
94
; Son of God and,
47
; Son of Man and,
77
,
81
; two-thrones vision and,
46

Ancient One,
38
,
42
,
72
,
75

angel/angels,
51
,
76–77
,
83
,
89
,
166n26
,
166–67n27

Animal Apocalypse,
74

“Anointed of YHVH,”
27–28

“anointed one,”
26–29
,
79
,
80
,
189n19
.
See also
Messiah

Aphrahat,
39–40
,
43
,
44

apocalypse,
31
,
46
,
74
,
95
,
166n27

Apocalypse of Abraham,
166n27

apotheosis, of Enoch,
82–84
,
85
,
89

Aqiva, Rabbi,
40
,
41
,
62
,
64
,
169n39

archangels,
51
,
84

Astronomical Book,
74

Augustine of Hippo, Saint,
15
,
16

authority, of Son of Man,
57–58
,
168n33

Ba
Ê¿
al (god),
45
,
48–49
,
164n20
,
164–65n21
,
166n27

Babylonian exile,
4–5
,
30
,
104

Babylonian Talmud,
188n19

Baeck, Leo,
34

Baukham, Richard,
94–95
,
178n27

Beare, F.W.,
168n36
,
174n51

beasts, in Daniel's vision,
41–43

Ben Menasya, Rabbi Shim
Ê¿
on,
63
,
171n41

Ben Nahman, Rabbi Moses,
155

binitarianism,
51–52

Black, Matthew,
40

blasphemy,
56–59
,
137–39

Book of Daniel,
31–32
,
33
,
43
.
See also
Daniel

Book of Enoch: exaltation scene,
82
,
84
merger of divinities in,
87–88
; sub-books of,
74
.
See also
Enoch
;
Similitudes of Enoch

Book of Isaiah,
xxi
.
See also
Isaiah

Book of Samuel,
27
.
See also
1 Samuel

Book of the Watchers,
74
,
91
,
92

Canaanites,
45
,
48–49
,
51
,
165n21

categories, ethnic vs. religious,
3

Catholic Encyclopedia
,
15

Chagall, Marc,
129

checklists, for religion membership,
7–11
,
19–20

Chester, Andrew,
54
,
167n31

Christ: divinity of,
167n31
; as Jew,
6
; Passion of,
155
.
See also
suffering Jesus
;
suffering Messiah

Christ Son of Man,
91–95

“Christian Jews”: religious grouping of,
17
; as term,
7

Christianity: appropriation of Jewish texts,
157
; beginning of,
105
; “checklists” for members,
8–11
,
19–20
; exegetical tradition origins,
186n9
; separation/parting from Judaism,
13–15
,
107–8
; suffering Christ and,
129–30
; theological differences with Judaism,
xi–xii

Christians: beliefs about Jews,
6
; discipleship to Jesus,
21
; engagement with Jews,
xix
; Jewish laws and,
11
; religious beliefs of,
1–2

Christology: adoptionism in,
84
; elements of,
94
; as explanation of Christ,
72–73
; Gospels and,
80
; issues/controversies in,
53–55
; as Jewish discourse,
6
; Jewish diversity and,
22
; scholarship on,
167–68n31
; “Son of Man” term in,
36
; transfiguration in,
145

Christos
,
26

Chrysostom, John,
15

Cicero
24
,
131

circumcision,
xix
,
8–9
,
10
,
62

clean/unclean foods,
113

clouds: coming of Jesus and,
36
,
37
; in Daniel's vision,
38
,
92
; divine beings and,
38
,
39–40
,
98
; in Enoch's vision,
91–92
; in Fourth Ezra,
96
,
97
; of Heaven,
32
; rider on,
48
; Son of Man and,
101
,
137
,
139
,
140
,
149
; in two-throne vision,
46

Collins, Adela Yarbro,
55
,
97
,
108
,
138
,
158
,
183n20

Collins, J.J.,
48
,
97
,
163n6
,
167n28
,
168n31

Colpe, Carsten,
48
,
100

Constantine,
18

Contra Celsum
(Origen),
152

Council of Constantinople,
13–15

Council of Nicaea,
13–15
,
18

Council of Yavneh,
12

cross,
129
,
131
,
136
,
155

Cross, Frank Moore,
164–65n21

crucifixion,
53
,
56
,
132
,
140
,
149
,
158

cultic designations,
3

cursing, of parents,
180n7

Daniel, vision of,
31–32
,
41–43
,
44
,
70

Daniel
7:
divine figures in,
99
; forgiveness of sins,
58–59
; Fourth Ezra and,
95
; Gospel narrative and,
141
; Lord of the Sabbath in,
69–70
; Messiah in,
46
; midrashic reading of,
143–144
; prophet's night vision,
38–39
; thematic relation to Enoch
14
,
91–93
; two-thrones theophany in,
45–46

Daniel
7:9
,
40

Daniel
7:13
,
40

Daniel
7:13–14
,
55
,
69
,
178n27
,
185n6

Daniel
7:14
,
57–58
,
59
,
66–67

Daniel
7:27
,
58

Daniel
9:31
,
143

David: anointing of,
27
; house of,
5
,
30
,
85
; Torah/Sabbath violation,
65–66
,
67

Davidic King/Kingdom: expectation of restoration,
32
,
33
; loss of,
29–30
; Sabbath and,
60
; “Son of God” usage for,
47

Davidic Messiah,
69

Davila, James,
177n24
,
178n25

Day of the Lord,
148

Dead Sea Community,
64

Dead Sea Scrolls, people of,
4

defilement,
108–11
,
115
,
118
,
122–23
,
181n9
,
184n24
.
See also
dietary laws
;
kosher keeping

Demonstration
5:21. See
Aphrahat

destruction, of Jewish Temple,
xi–xii
,
12
,
30
,
105
,
130

Diasporism,
xx

dietary laws,
xiv
,
17
,
103
,
106
,
108
,
112–14
.
See also
kosher keeping

divine beings/figures,
31–34
,
39–40
,
50
,
75
,
98
,
99

Divine throne, second figure on,
71–72

divinity, of Jesus,
53–57

“doctors of the Church,”
15

Dodd, C.H.,
186n9

dominion: in Daniel's vision,
42–43
; of divine figure,
50
; of Son of Man,
87

duality,
45
,
99

Dunn, James,
167n31

Easter: celebration of,
11
; Council of Nicaea and,
13
,
14

eigo eimi
,
138
,
139

ʾ
El (god),
45–46
,
48–51
,
164–65n21

El
Ê¿
azar, Rabbi,
62

Elders, tradition of,
xiv
,
104
,
120
,
126

Elijah,
135
,
145–48

Elliot, Richard,
167n27

Elyon,
166n27

Emerton, J.A.,
40

end of days,
31

Enmeduranki,
88

Enoch: apotheosis of,
82–84
,
85
,
89
; Christ Son of Man and,
91–95
; as Son of Man,
75–76
,
82
,
84–91
; story of,
88–89
.
See also
Book of Enoch
;
Similitudes of Enoch

Enoch
14
,
87
,
91–93

Enoch
46
,
75
,
76
,
82

Enoch
48
,
77–79

Enoch
70
,
82
,
88–89

Enoch
71
,
82
,
88–89
,
93

Enoch's vision,
75

Epistle of Enoch,
74

Ethiopian Orthodox Church,
74

ethnic vs. religious categories,
3

exaltation,
37
,
82
,
85
,
140
,
144
,
160

Exodus
3:14
,
138

Exodus
21:14
,
169n39

Ezekiel (prophet),
31
,
92

Ezekiel the Tragedian,
71–72

Ezra.
See
Fourth Ezra

family resemblance model,
20–21
,
22

fasting practices,
183n20

father: honoring of,
110
,
180–81n7
; support of,
119
; term usage,
xvi

female/male distinction,
xviii

final judgment,
80–81

fist/fistmaking, in handwashing,
116–17
,
182n12
,
182n13

Fitzmyer, Joseph,
27

foods, kosher,
112–13
.
See also
dietary laws
;
kosher keeping

forgiveness,
58

Fourth Ezra,
95–101

Fourth Ezra: A Commentary on the Book 1 Fourth Ezra
(Stone),
99

Fredriksen, Paula,
3
,
55

Furstenberg, Yair,
117–18

Galatians
3:28–29
,
xvii-xviii

Gamaliel,
xviii

Genesis
5
,
88–89

Genesis
22:11–18
,
167

Gentile Christianity,
105

Gentile/Jew, difference between,
xviii-xix