The Jim Crow Laws and Racism in United States History (10 page)

5
. Interview with Vernon Jarrett, September 3, 1998.

6
.
Take Me to Chicago The Promised Land
.

7
. Alben Hosley, “Learning How to Be Black,”
American Mercury
, vol. XVI, April 1929, p. 424.

8
. Benjamin Mays, Born to Rebel:
An Autobiography
(New York: 1971), p. 45.

9
. Clifton Daniel,
Chronicle of the 20th Century
(Mount Kisco, N.Y.: Chronicle Publications, Inc., 1987), p. 568.

10
. Leon F. Litwack,
Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), p. 531.

11
. Richard Wright,
Black Boy: A Record of Childhood and Youth
(New York: 1945), p. 164.

12
. Litwack,
Trouble in Mind
, p. 253.

13
. Ibid., p. 284.

14
. Donald Bogle,
Blacks in American Films and Television: An Illustrated Encyclopedia
(New York: Garland, 1988), p. 19.

15
. Interview with Vernon Jarrett, September 3, 1998.

Chapter 4
. “Separate but Equal”

1
. Leonard Stevens,
Equal! The Case of Integration vs. Jim Crow
(New York: Coward, McCann, and Geohagen, 1976), p. 48.

2
. Ibid., p. 49.

3
. Stevens, p. 59.

4
. Ibid.

5
. Bernard Schwartz,
A History of the Supreme Court
(New York: Oxford University, 1993), p. 188.

Chapter 5
. Action or Accommodation

1
. Columbus Salley,
The Black 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential African-Americans Past and Present
(New York: Carol Publishing, 1993), p. 17.

2
. Robert Gardner and Dennis Shortelle,
The Forgotten P1ayers: The Story of Black Baseball in America
(New York: Walker and Company, 1992), p. 10.

3
. Emma Lou Thornbrough, ed.,
Booker T. Washington
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1969), p. 14.

4
. Booker T. Washington, “The Negro’s Life of Slavery,” quoted in Thornbrough, p. 30.

5
. Thornbrough, p. 17.

6
. Ida B. Wells,
Crusade for Justice
, quoted in Leon F. Litwack,
Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), p. 156.

7
. Salley, p. 114.

8
. Thornbrough, p. 103.

9
. Ibid., p. 105.

10
. Arnold Adolff, ed.,
Black on Black: Commentaries by Negro Americans
(New York: MacMillan, 1968), p. 38.

Chapter 6
. “Come North”

1
. Interview with Margaret Burroughs, September 22, 1998.

2
. Quoted in James R. Grossman,
Land of Hope: Chicago, Black Southerners, and the Great Migration
(Chicago: University of Chicago, 1989), p. 17.

3
. “Additional Letters of Negro Migrants 1916–1919,”
Journal of Negro History
, October 1919, quoted in Grossman, p. 3.

4
. Nicholas Lemann,
The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America
(New York: Vintage Books, 1992), p. 47.

5
.
Chicago Defender
, January 16, 1915, quoted in Grossman, p. 33.

6
.
Take Me to Chicago The Promised Land
(Discovery, British Broadcasting Corporation, 1989).

7
. Interview with Margaret Burroughs, September 22, 1998.

8
. Richard Wright,
American Negro
, quoted in Grossman, p. 117.

9
. Interview with Vernon Jarrett, September 3, 1998.

10
. Ibid.

11
. Richard Wright, Black Boy:
A Record of Childhood and Youth
(New York: 1945), p. 147.

Chapter 7
. The Key to Independence

1
. Leonard A. Stevens,
Equal! The Case of Integration vs. Jim Crow
(New York: Coward, McCann, and Geohagen, 1976), p. 63.

2
.
The Road to Brown
(California Newsreel, 1989).

3
. Stevens, p. 76.

4
. The Road to Brown.

5
. Stevens, p. 101.

6
. Robert G. McCloskey,
The American Supreme Court
, 2nd ed. (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1994), pp. 148–149.

7
. Clayborne Carson et al., eds.,
The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader
(New York: Viking Penguin, 1991), p. 98.

8
. Richard Goldstein,
Mine Eyes Have Seen: A First-Person History of the Events That Shaped America
(New York: Touchstone, 1997), p. 323.

Chapter 8
. “If Not Us, Who?”

1
. Jo Ann Robinson,
The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It: The Memoir of Jo Ann Gibson Robinson
(Knoxville: University of Tennessee, 1987), p. xv.

2
. Richard Goldstein,
Mine Eyes Have Seen: A First-Person History of the Events That Shaped America
(New York: Touchstone, 1997), p. 321.

3
. Mary Hull, Rosa Parks: Civil Rights Leader (New York: Chelsea House, 1994), p. 2.

4
. David Halberstam,
The Fifties
(New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1993), p. 556.

5
. Robinson, p. 61.

6
. Martin Luther King, Jr.,
Stride Toward Freedom: The Montgomery Story
(New York: Harper & Bros., 1958), p. 173.

7
. Hunter Jones,
They Didn’t Put That on the Huntley-Brinkley: A Vagabond Reporter Encounters the New South
(Athens: University of Georgia, 1993), p. 113.

8
. David Halberstam,
The Children
(New York: Random House, 1998), p. 93.

9
. Jones, p. 118.

10
. Casey King and Linda Burnett Osborne,
Oh, Freedom! Kids Talk About the Civil Rights Movement with the People Who Made It Happen
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), p. 62.

11
. Halberstam,
The Children
, p. 146.

Chapter 9
. The Right to Serve, the Right to Vote

1
. Statement of policy submitted by Robert P. Patterson, assistant secretary of war, and approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, October 9, 1940.

2
. Leon F. Litwack,
Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), p. 224.

3
. Martin Luther King, Jr., “A Letter from the Selma, Ala. Jail,” quoted in Clayborne Carson et al., eds.,
The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader
(New York: Viking Penguin, 1991), p. 212.

4
. David Halberstam,
The Children
(New York: Random House, 1998), p. 504.

5
. Ibid., p. 516.

Chapter 10
. Violence and Victory

1
. Editors of Time-Life Books,
This Fabulous Century 1960–1970
(New York: Time-Life, 1970), p. 147.

2
. David Halberstam,
The Fifties
(New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1993), p. 434.

3
. Charles Evers and Andrew Szarton,
Have No Fear: The Charles Evers Story
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997), p. 87.

4
. Quoted in John Dittmer,
Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi
(Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois, 1994), p. 246.

5
. David Halberstam,
The Children
(New York: Random House, 1998), p. 340.

6
. Clayborne Carson et al., eds.,
The Eyes on the Prize Civil Rights Reader
(New York: Viking Penguin, 1991), pp. 418–419.

7
. Clifton Daniel, ed.,
Chronicle of America
(Famborough, Hampshire, England: J. L. International Publishing, 1989), p. 803.

8
. Carson et al., p. 418.

FURTHER READING

Candaele, Kerry.
Bound for Glory 1910–1930
. New York: Chelsea House, 1997.

Fireside, Harvey.
Plessy v. Ferguson: Separate but Equal?
Springfield, N.J.: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1997.

———, and Sarah Betsy Fuller.
Brown v. Board of Education: Equal Schooling for All
. Hillside, N.J.: Enslow Publishers, Inc., 1994.

Foner, Eric.
Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution 1863–1877
. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.

Fremon, David K.
The Negro Baseball Leagues
. New York: New Discovery, 1994.

Hauser, Pierre.
Great Ambitions: From the “Separate but Equal” Doctrine to the Birth of the NAACP
. San Diego: Chelsea House, 1995.

Hull, Mary.
Rosa Parks: Civil Rights Leader
. New York: Chelsea House, 1994.

King, Casey, and Linda Bennett Osborne,
Oh, Freedom! Kids Talk About the Civil Rights Movement with the People Who Made It Happen
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997.

Litwack, Leon F.
Trouble in Mind: Black Southerners in the Age of Jim Crow
. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998.

INDEX

A

Abbott, Robert S., 46

African-American Council, 39

B

Bevel, Rev. James, 79

Birth of a Nation
, 27–28

Black Codes, 9–10

Brown, Linda, 5–6, 57

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
, 5–7, 57–60, 64, 78

Bruce, Blanche K., 13

Byrnes, James, 7

C

Carnegie, Andrew, 37

Carver, George Washington, 35

Clark, Jim, 78–79

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), 73

D

Defender
, 46, 49

Douglass, Frederick, 17

Du Bois, W.E.B., 39–41, 44, 54

E

Eisenhower, Dwight, 59, 62–63

Emancipation Proclamation, 8, 9

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), 84

Evers, Medgar, 83

F

Farmer, James, 73

Faubus, Orval, 61–63

Flowers, Andrew, 14

Fourteenth Amendment, 6, 13–14, 17, 31

Freedmen’s Bureau, 12, 52

Freedom Riders, 73–74

G

Great Migration, 47–49, 51

H

Hare, James, 78, 80

Harlan, John, 17, 32–33

Hayes, Rutherford B., 15–16

Houston, Charles, 55–57

J

Jackson, Jamie Lee, 78–79, 84

Jeffries, James J., 22

Johnson, Andrew, 9, 11–12

Johnson, Jack, 22

Johnson, Lyndon, 80, 84

Johns, Ralph, 71–72

K

King, Martin Luther, Jr., 68–72, 78–79, 83–84

Ku Klux Klan, 14–15, 27–28, 58, 82

L

Lincoln, Abraham, 8, 9, 13

Little Rock, 60, 62–64

lynchings, 14, 22, 26–27, 38–39, 41, 44–45

M

Marshall, Thurgood, 6, 55–56

Montgomery Bus Boycott, 65–71, 78

Murray, Donald, 56

N

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 6, 41–42, 55, 57, 66, 83

NAACP Legal Defense Fund, 55

National Negro Business League, 35