The Joy of Pain (34 page)

33
. As with Hobbes, Gruner also emphasizes that the laughter component of humor is related to suddenness of the victory.

34
. For a recent evolutionary analysis, see Martens, J. P., Tracy, J. L., & Shariff, A. F. (2012), Status signals: Adaptive benefit of displaying and observing the nonverbal expressions of pride and shame,
Cognition and Emotion
,
26
, 390–406.

35
. See
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/m/melbrooks161275.html#J3q3MoD2rU1HwY8u.99
, retrieved April 22, 2012.

36
. For a review, see Ferguson, & Ford (2008).

37
. Martin, R. A. (2007),
The psychology of humor: An integrative approach
, London: Elsevier.

38
. Wills (1981), p. 260.

39
. See
http://www.harrypotterspage.com/category/j-k-rowling/
, retrieved January 5, 2012. As Lev Goldman noted in a tribute to Wodehouse in
Time
magazine: “His subject was the foibles of the pre-war English aristocracy, which sounds limiting, but it was his subject the same way marble was Michelangelo's subject. He could do anything with
it.” See
http://entertainment.time.com/2011/11/23/in-praise-of-p-g-wodehouse/
, retrieved January 5, 2012.

40
. See
http://www.booktv.org/Watch/8532/In+Depth+Christopher+Hitchens.aspx
, retrieved January 5, 2012.

41
. He designs ladies' underwear.

42
. Wodehouse, P. G. (1938),
The code of the Woosters
, New York: Vintage Books, p. 166.

43
. Ibid.

44
. Ibid., p. 182.

45
. Ibid., pp. 220–221.

 

1
. Orwell, G. (1950),
Shooting an elephant and other essays,
New York: Penguin.

2
. See
http://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/370054.George_S_Patton_Jr
., retrieved May 26, 2012.

3
. See
http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/It-s-not-enough-that-we-succeed-Cats-must-also-fail-New-Yorker-Cartoon-Prints_i8542217_.htm
, retrieved February, 2012.

4
. See
http://thinkexist.com/quotes/billy_crystal/
, retrieved April 22, 2012.

5
. Von Neumann, J., & Morgensten, O. (1944),
Theory of games and economic behavior,
Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

6
. See
http://boston.com/community/moms/blogs/parent_buzz/2012/07/aly_raismans_parents_are_animated_in_the_stands_does_it_make_you_nervous_to_watch_your_child_compete.html
; and
http://www.boston.com/sports/other_sports/olympics/articles/2012/08/02/parents_of_olympians_arent_the_only_ones_who_feel_stress_when_their_children_perform/
;
http://www.nbcolympics.com/video/gymnastics/chevy-top-moment-1-aly-raisman-s-mom-s-reaction.html
, retrieved August 4, 2012.

7
. Tajfel, H. (Ed.) (1978),
Differentiation between social groups: Studies in the social psychology of intergroup relations,
London: Academic Press.

8
. Tajfel, H. (1970), Experiments in intergroup discrimination,
Scientific American, 223
, 96–102.

9
. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979), An integrative theory of intergroup conflict, in W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.),
The social psychology of intergroup relations
(pp. 94–109), Monterey, CA: Brooks-Cole; Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986), The social identity theory of inter-group behavior, in S. Worchel & L. W. Austin (Eds.),
Psychology of intergroup relations
(pp. 2–24), Chicago: Nelson-Hall.

10
. St. John, W. (2004),
Rammer jammer yellow hammer: A journey in the heart of fan mania
, New York: Crown.

11
. Ibid., p. 125.

12
. Ibid., pp. 98–99.

13
. See
http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/1245389/
, retrieved June 21, 2010; and Taylor, S., & Johnson, K. C. (2008),
Until proven innocent: Political correctness and the shameful injustices of the Duke lacrosse rape case
, New York: St. Martin's Griffin.

14
. Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., & Doosje, B. (2003), Malicious pleasure:
Schadenfreude
at the suffering of another group,
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84
, 932–943.

15
. Empirical evidence for the nature of ingroup loyalty and outgroup distaste (and the potential for biased perceptions) goes as far back as the classic study examining Dartmouth and Princeton students' biased perceptions of film footage of a rough football game between the two schools. Hastorf, A. H., & Cantril, H. (1954), They saw a game: A case study,
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49
, 129–134. A qualitative analysis of another football game from two perspectives is a documentary,
Havard Beats Yale, 29–29
,
http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2009/01/23/when-harvard-beat-yale.html
, retrieved April 19, 2013.

16
. St. John (2004), p. 93.

17
. Ibid., p. 94.

18
. See
http://www.fannation.com/si_blogs/for_the_record/posts/3541
, retrieved August 10, 2010.

19
. See
http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/columns/story?columnist=ohlmeyer_don&id=4764245
, retrieved May 26, 2012.

20
. Wann D. L., Peterson R. R., Cothran C., & Dykes, M. (1999), Sport fan aggression and anonymity: The importance of team identification,
Social Behavior and Personality
,
27
, 597–602; Wann, D. L., Haynes, G., McLean, B., & Pullen, P. (2003), Sport team identification and willingness to consider anonymous acts of hostile aggression,
Aggressive Behavior, 29
, 406–413.

21
. Hoogland, C., Schurtz, R. D., Combs, D. J. Y., Cooper, C., Brown, E. G., & Smith, R. H. (2013), How does the severity of the misfortune affect
schadenfreude
in sports? Unpublished manuscript.

22
. Cikara, M., Botvinick, M., & Fiske, S. T. (2010), Us versus them: Social identity shapes neural responses to intergroup competition and harm,
Psychological Science
,
22
, 306–313.

23
. Wildschut, T., Pinter, B., Vevea, J. L., Insko, C. A., & Schopler, J. (2003), Beyond the group mind: A quantitative review of the interindividual intergroup discontinuity effect,
Psychological Bulletin
,
129
, 698–722.

24
. See
http://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/sports/James-Hahn-Gangnam-Style-Golf-Dance-Putt-PGA–189662021.html
, retrieved March 8, 2013.

25
. See
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/letter_from_america/464752.stm
, retrieved May 15, 2012.

26
. See
http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/3913453.stm
, retrieved May 15, 2012;
http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1017184/index.htm
, retrieved May 15, 2012;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CxTbNTyWIvc
, retrieved May 15, 2012; and
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/letter_from_america/464752.stm
, retrieved May 15, 2012.

27
. See
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/letter_from_america/464752.stm
, retrieved May 15, 2012.

28
. An example of politics as blood sport is the career of Lee Atwater, campaign manager for many Republican candidates and famous for his take-no-prisoners style.
http://www.boogiemanfilm.com/
; Brady, J. (1996),
Bad boy: The life and politics of Lee Atwater,
Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press.

29
. I take a number of examples in the section on politics and
schadenfreude
from Combs, D. J. Y, Powell, C. A. J., Schurtz, D. R., & Smith, R. H. (2009), Politics,
schadenfreude
, and ingroup identification: The sometimes funny thing about a poor economy and death,
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology
,
45
, 635–646.

30
. See
http://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2012/02/23/obama_gop_licking_their_chops_over_rising_gas_prices_they_root_for_bad_news.html
, retrieved March 3, 2012.

31
. Combs, Powell, Schurtz, & Smith (2009).

32
. See
http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2012/06/26/colbert-only-bad-economic-news-is-good-news-for-romney/
, retrieved August 4, 2012.

33
. Gay, P. (1998),
My German question
, New Haven: Yale University Press. Gay's father had originally arranged passage on another ship, but, concerned that the family get out of Gemany as soon as possible, using papers he had forged on his own, he found places on another ship that would leave two weeks earlier. The original ship ended up being one of those unlucky vessels that went from port to port seeking a country that would accept them. Less than a fourth of those passengers survived the Nazi net; Also see Portmann, J. (2000),
When bad things happen to other people
, New York: Routledge. pp. 54–55.

34
. Gay (1998), p. 70.

35
. Ibid., p. 83.

 

1
. James (1950),
Principles of psychology,
vol. 1, New York, Dover, p. 318 (originally published in 1890).

2
. Swift, J. (1731),
Verses on the death of Dr. Swift, D.S.P.D
.,
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, retrieved June 21, 2010.

3
. Orwell (1950).

4
. Nietzsche, F. (1967),
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(trans. W. Kaufmann & R. J. Hollingdale), New York: Random House, p. 16 (originally published 1887).

5
. James (1950),
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, vol. 2, New York: Dover, p. 409 (originally published in 1890).

6
. See
http://www.slate.com/id/2208430/
, retrieved December 14, 2010.

7
. Baumeister, R. F., & Bushman, B. J. (2010),
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, New York: Wadsworth Publishing.

8
. James (1918), vol. 1, p. 318.

9
. Swift (1731).

10
. Jomini, A. H. (1827),
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, vol. 2 (1827), p. 180;
http://books.google.com/books?id+AJUTAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA180
, retrieved May 24, 2012.

11
. See
http://www.theatlanticwire.com/politics/2012/10/jon-stewart-how-obama-allowed-romney-proceed-wall/58082/
, retrieved December 3, 2012.

12
. See
http://www.dailykos.com/story/2012/11/30/1165769/-My-favorite-moment-of-2012-Please-proceed-governor
, retrieved December 3, 2012.

13
. See
http://www.iep.utm.edu/psychego/
, retrieved May 23, 2012; Batson, C. D. (2011),
Altruism in humans
, New York: Oxford University Press; Brown, S. L, Brown, R. M., & Penner, L. A. (Eds.) (2012),
Moving beyond self-interest: Perspectives from evolutionary biology, neuroscience, and the social sciences
, New York: Oxford University Press.

14
. Hobbes (1968).

15
. Freud, S. (1930),
Civilization and its discontents
, London: Hogarth.

16
. Turchet, J. (Ed.) (1992),
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, Paris: Bordas.

17
. Ibid.; see also
http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Francois_de_La_Rochefoucauld
.

18
. Carnegie, D. (1964),
How to win friends and influence people
, New York: Simon & Schuster.

19
. Ibid., p. 4.

20
. Ibid., p. 50.

21
. Ibid., p. 14.

22
. Stengel, R. (2000),
You're too kind: A brief history of flattery
, New York: Touchstone.

23
. Ibid.

24
. See
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/today-corporate-traning-means-serious-business-growth-pallavi-jha-dale-carnegie-training-india/articleshow/13637502.cms
, retrieved May 28, 2012.

25
. See
http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=204703126222217
, retrieved June 2, 2012.

26
. Cialdini, R. B. (2009),
Influence: Science and practice
(5th ed.), Boston: Allyn & Bacon, p. xii.

27
. Ibid.

28
. Capote, T. (1966),
In cold blood
, New York: Random House.

29
. Haas, A. (1984),
The doctor and the damned,
New York: St. Martin's Press, p. 232.

30
. Brecht, B. (1973/1928).
Threepenny opera
, London: Eyre Methuen (trans. Hugh MacDiarmid), p. 46.

31
. Becker. E. (1973),
The denial of death
, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 3.

32
. Ibid., pp. 3–4.

33
. Smith, R. H., Eyre, H. L., Powell, C. A. J., & Kim, S. H. (2006), Relativistic origins of emotional reactions to events happening to others and to ourselves,
British Journal of Social Psychology, 45,
357–371.

34
. Smith, A. (2000),
The theory of moral sentiments
, Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, p. 1. (originally published in 1759).

35
. de Waal (2009); Keltner (2009); McCullough (2008).

36
. Brown, Brown, & Penner (2012).

37
. Brosnan & de Waal (2003).

38
. See
http://www.livescience.com/2044-monkeys-fuss-inequality.html
, retrieved September 2, 2012.

39
. Van den Bos, K., Peter, S. L., Bobocel, D. R., & Ybema, J. F. (2006), On preferences and doing the right thing: Satisfaction with advantageous inequity when cognitive processing is limited,
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42
, 273–289.