The Last Empire (84 page)

    
military leadership, public opinion and,
117–118

    
Mitterand and,
240–241

    
with new union treaty,
41
,
48
,
49
,
134
,
136–137
,
144
,
163
,
184
,
219
,
220–223
,
248–251
,
255–258
,
272–273
,
281
,
397

    
nuclear briefcase of,
81
,
340
,
368
,
371
,
376
,
377

    
nuclear disarmament and,
209–211
,
236

    
under political attack,
13–14

    
political comeback,
183–185
,
186–188
,
247

    
political standing,
13–15
,
135–139
,
142–147
,
163–164
,
172–173
,
182
,
183
,
212
,
217
,
220
,
221–222
,
224
,
233–235
,
238
,
241–242
,
247
,
251
,
267–268
,
305
,
314–315
,
325
,
327
,
335–336
,
342–343
,
358
,
370
,
372
,
377–378
,
379
,
382
,
384–387
,
396
,
398

    
post-Soviet space and treatment of,
372
,
377–378
,
379
,
382
,
384–387

    
Reagan, Ronald, and,
12–13

    
reform and,
12
,
13
,
29–30
,
33
,
56
,
59
,
63
,
111
,
122
,
139
,
147
,
215
,
300
,
349–350
,
395

    
resignation of,
xiii–xiv
,
xviii–xix
,
40
,
74
,
148
,
149–150
,
327–328
,
367–386

    
retirement package for,
366–371

    
secret documents and,
369

    
with sovereignty of Soviet republics,
34–41
,
50

    
Soviet Union's collapse and prevention by,
177
,
183–187
,
216
,
255–258
,
272–273
,
279–281
,
322
,
324

    
state funds and,
259
,
270–271

    
Ukrainian sovereignty and,
48–49
,
259–260
,
266–270
,
272–274
,
293–294

    
union-to-commonwealth transfer and,
344
,
365–387

    
U.S. support for,
xiv–xv
,
xx
,
xxi
,
10
,
200

    
Yeltsin, Boris, and,
25–26
,
27–31
,
35–38
,
40–41
,
44–45
,
83–84
,
88–89
,
92
,
106
,
113
,
134–138
,
140
,
141–145
,
147
,
176
,
183–184
,
186–188
,
202–204
,
207
,
211
,
214
,
219–220
,
222
,
225–226
,
228–229
,
233–234
,
241–243
,
246
,
247–250
,
257–258
,
270–273
,
294
,
296–297
,
303
,
304–305
,
308
,
309–311
,
313–315
,
319
,
321–322
,
323–326
,
334–336
,
339
,
341
,
342
,
344
,
365–387
,
395
,
396–397
,
399–400

Gorbachev Foundation,
xxi

Gorbacheva, Raisa,
11
,
24
,
80

    
Bush, Barbara, and,
19–20
,
26
,
234

    
coup d'état and,
82
,
92
,
126–127
,
129
,
133
,
234

    
with Gorbachev's resignation,
384–386

    
at Middle East Peace Conference,
240
,
241

    
Reagan, Nancy, and,
19

Gorton, Slade,
197

Gosplan,
226

Gotti, John,
55

Grachev, Andrei,
242
,
312
,
320
,
374–375
,
377–378

Grachev, Pavel,
102
,
117–118
,
312

Graham, Billy,
389

Great Britain,
233

Great October Socialist Revolution,
28

Great Terror,
56

Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932–33,
401

Group of Seven (G-7),
11
,
16
,
79

Guardian
(weekly),
119
,
284

Gulag,
60
,
68
,
159
,
165
,
293
,
298

The Gulag Archipelago
(Solzhenitsyn),
298

Gulf War,
232
,
408

Hadley, Stephen,
262

Haig, Alexander M.,
235

Hanukkah,
372

Heinz, John,
260

Helsinki Accords of 1975,
201–202
,
265

Hersh, Seymour M.,
123

Hetzer, Michael,
118–119

Hewett, Ed,
48
,
68
,
266

    
Bush, George H. W., and,
165–166

    
Gorbachev's resignation and,
378–379
,
380
,
381–382

Hijackings,
245

Hiss, Alger,
xiv

Hitler, Adolf,
3
,
192
,
193
,
400

Holocaust,
55
,
66–67
,
285
,
301

Holubets, Mykhailo,
299–300
,
308

Hoxie, Ralph Gordon,
265

Hryniov, Volodymyr,
160
,
166–167
,
277–278
,
279

Human rights,
21
,
201–202

Humanitarian aid, U.S.,
329
,
341
,
347
,
371

    
center-republic relations with,
206
,
207

    
food and,
237
,
331
,
340

Hungary,
193
,
283

Hunger strikes,
282

Hurenko, Stanislav,
154–155
,
156
,
165
,
167

Hussein, Saddam,
74
,
232
,
389
,
408

Hydrogen bombs,
5
,
13

I Hope
(Gorbacheva),
19
,
234
,
386

ICBMs.
See
Intercontinental ballistic missiles

Iceland,
197

Identity,
289

Ideology

    
Bolshevik,
228
,
398

    
revolution,
204
,
210

The Ides of March
(Wilder),
210

IMF.
See
International Monetary Fund

Imperial rule, electoral democracy and,
xviii
,
13–14
,
33
,
394

Independence.
See
Sovereignty

Independent Newspaper.
See
Nezavisimaia gazeta

India,
22

Ingushetia,
243

Intelligentsia

    
coup d'état of August 1991 and,
103–104

    
hard-currency dues collected from,
32–33

    
split from Communist Party,
31–33

Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs),
209

International Monetary Fund (IMF),
17
,
18

Investment,
208

Iraq,
232
,
389
,
408

Iraq War,
xvi
,
408

Islam,
295
,
346
,
348–349
,
355

Israel,
21
,
204
,
231–232
,
233

Ivashko, Volodymyr,
56

Izvestiia
,
172
,
268
,
356
,
364

James A. Baker Papers,
xxi

Japan,
22
,
210

Jennings, Peter,
14

Jews

    
anti-Semitism and,
68

    
Babyn Yar and massacre of,
66–67
,
266
,
285

    
Hanukkah and,
372

    
Holocaust and,
55
,
66–67
,
285
,
301

    
in Ukraine,
285–286

    
See also
Israel

Johnson, Tom,
372
,
374

Joint Baltic American National Committee,
192–193

Juan Carlos (King),
239–240
,
259

Kádar, Janos,
301

Kaplan, Rick,
372

Karimov, Islam,
230
,
396

    
CIS and,
345
,
353
,
355–356

    
legacy,
366

    
“Uzbek Case” and,
355

    
See also
Uzbekistan

Katyn Forest massacre,
369

Kazakhstan,
298

    
Almaty summit and,
363
,
364

    
borders,
176
,
177

    
Chechens resettled to,
243

    
CIS and,
344–353
,
356

    
demonstrations in,
349–350

    
ethnic clashes in,
349–352

    
famine in,
351

    
Nazarbayev and,
14
,
25
,
41
,
44
,
83
,
88
,
114
,
163
,
179
,
181
,
182
,
184–186
,
213
,
215
,
219
,
222
,
249
,
310–311
,
320
,
321
,
345
,
346–353
,
356
,
363
,
364
,
402
,
405

    
new union treaty and,
163