The Last Full Measure (60 page)

  
1.
Cyrus Townsend Brady,
Indian Fights and Fighters
(1904; repr., Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971), 339–40.

  
2.
Quoted in Thomas Goodrich,
Scalp Dance: Indian Warfare on the High Plains, 1865–1879
(Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole, 1997), 8.

  
3.
Patrick M. Malone,
The Skulking Way of War: Technology and Tactics Among the New England Indians
(Lanham, MD: Madison, 1991), 80.

  
4.
Ross Hassig,
Aztec Warfare: Imperial Expansion and Political Control
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988), 79.

  
5.
Victor Davis Hanson,
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power
(New York: Anchor Books, 2001), 211.

  
6.
Quoted in Brady,
Indian Fights
, 334.

  
7.
Quoted in Donald R. Morris,
The Washing of the Spears: The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965), 350.

  
8.
Roger Ford,
The Grim Reaper: Machine-Guns and Machine-Gunners in Action
(London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1996), 17. Byron Farwell asserts that Gatlings were first used at the battle of Charasia in Afghanistan on October 6, 1879. See Byron Farwell,
Queen Victoria’s Little Wars
(New York: Harper and Row, 1972), 209.

  
9.
Quoted in Michael Barthorp,
The Zulu War: A Pictorial History
(Blandford, 1980), 56.

10.
Farwell,
Little Wars
, 272.

11.
Quoted in Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 172.

12.
Quoted in Brady,
Indian Fights
, 178.

13.
Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 30.

14.
Hanson,
Carnage and Culture
, 204.

15.
Quoted in ibid., 191.

16.
Ibid., 215.

17.
John D. McDermott,
A Guide to the Indian Wars of the West
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 75.

18.
Quoted in John Rhodehamel, ed.,
The American Revolution: Writings from the War of Independence
(New York: Library of America, 2001), 487–88.

19.
Quoted in Brady,
Indian Fights
, 69.

20.
Quoted in ibid., 118.

21.
Douglas D. Scott, P. Willey, and Melissa A. Connor,
They Died with Custer: Soldiers’ Bones from the Battle of the Little Big Horn
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998), 312.

22.
Quoted in Goodrich,
Scalp Dance
, 260.

23.
Hanson,
Carnage and Culture
, 282.

24.
Morris,
Washing of the Spears
, 486.

25.
Brady,
Indian Fights
, 32.

26.
Scott, Willey, and Connor,
They Died with Custer
, 308.

27.
McDermott,
Indian Wars
, 165–66.

28.
Quoted in ibid., 285.

29.
Ibid.

30.
Farwell,
Little Wars
, 213.

31.
Brady,
Indian Fights
, 55.

32.
Ibid., 58.

33.
Quoted in Donald Featherstone,
Victorian Colonial Warfare: Africa
(London: Blandford 1992), 23.

34.
Quoted in John Ellis,
The Social History of the Machine Gun
(London: Croom Helm, 1975), 13.

35.
Quoted in ibid., 26–27.

36.
Quoted in ibid., 84.

37.
Quoted in Ford,
Grim Reaper
, 31–32.

38.
Ibid., 32.

39.
Quoted in ibid., 53.

40.
Quoted in ibid., 47–48.

41.
Bryan Perrett,
The Battle Book
(London: Arms and Armour, 1992), 79, 188.

42.
Douglas Porch,
Wars of Empire
(London: Cassell, 2000), 164.

  
1.
Quoted in Richard Holmes,
Tommy: The British Soldier on the Western Front, 1914–1918
(New York: HarperCollins, 2004), 31.

  
2.
Quoted in Ian Passingham,
All the Kaiser’s Men: The Life and Death of the German Army on the Western Front, 1914–1918
(Stroud, UK: Sutton, 2003), 112.

  
3.
Roger Ford,
The Grim Reaper: Machine-Guns and Machine-Gunners in Action
(London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1996), 92.

  
4.
Philip J. Haythornthwaite,
The World War One Source Book
(London: Arms and Armour, 1992), 54.

  
5.
http://www1.va.gov/opa/fact/amwars.asp
.

  
6.
Gary Mead,
The Good Soldier: The Biography of Douglas Haig
(London: Atlantic, 2007), 344.

  
7.
Haythornthwaite,
Source Book
, 55. Some historians put the ratio at four to one. See, for example, Ford,
Grim Reaper
, 107.

  
8.
Passingham,
Kaiser’s Men
, 107.

  
9.
Quoted in ibid., 124–26.

10.
Alistair Horne,
The Price of Glory: Verdun, 1916
(New York: St. Martin’s, 1963), 327.

11.
Haythornthwaite,
Source Book
, 54; and J. M. Winter,
The Great War and the British People
(London: Macmillan, 1986), 99. Revisionist historians such as Paddy Griffith tend to take issue with what they see as a hysterical focus on high casualties. There were “many instances” of units having had a pretty cushy time (the implication is that this was more representative than the hellishly lethal experience portrayed in so many other accounts): “A ‘quiet’ sector of the front could be very quiet indeed, almost entirely devoid of the irony conveyed by the title of E. M. Remarque’s book
All Quiet on the Western Front
, and this happy condition might apply to over two-thirds of the line on any given day.… One battalion … ‘fought’ pretty continuously in the trenches for a whole year, yet suffered a total officer casualty list of just a single individual. So much for the misleading popular idea that the infantry subaltern’s life expectancy in the BEF was no more than a fortnight!” Paddy Griffith,
Battle Tactics of the Western Front: The British Army’s Art of Attack
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994), 15.

12.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 61.

13.
Richard Holmes,
Acts of War: The Behavior of Men in Battle
(New York: Free Press, 1986), 346.

14.
Robert Graves,
Good-bye to All That
(1929; repr., London: Penguin, 1960), 134.

15.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 582.

16.
Quoted in ibid., 297.

17.
Ibid., 14.

18.
Captain J. C. Dunn,
The War the Infantry Knew, 1914–1919
(1938; repr., London: Cardinal, 1989), 80, 148.

19.
Griffith,
Battle Tactics
, 43.

20.
Ibid., 228. The division was the Ninth (Scottish).

21.
Ford,
Grim Reaper
, 133.

22.
John Ellis,
The Social History of the Machine Gun
(London: Croom Helm, 1975), 35.

23.
Ibid., 16.

24.
Ibid., 39. See also Ford,
Grim Reaper
, 95, 114.

25.
Ibid., 99.

26.
George Coppard,
With a Machine Gun to Cambrai
(London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1969), 37.

27.
Haythornthwaite,
Source Book
, 71.

28.
Quoted in Ellis,
Social History
, 131.

29.
Graves,
Good-bye
, 131.

30.
Frederic Manning,
Her Privates We
(first published as
The Middle Parts of Fortune
, 1929) (London: Hogarth, 1986), 212.

31.
Dunn,
War the Infantry Knew
, 279.

32.
Ernst Jünger,
Storm of Steel
, trans. Allen Lane (1920; repr., London: Penguin, 2003), 80.

33.
P. J. Campbell,
In the Cannon’s Mouth
(London: Hamish Hamilton, 1977), 34.

34.
Henri Barbusse,
Under Fire
(first published in French as
Le feu
[1916]), trans. Robin Buss (London: Penguin, 2003), 197–98.

35.
Holmes,
Tommy
, 497–98.

36.
Campell,
Cannon’s Mouth
, 42.

37.
Philip Katcher,
The Civil War Source Book
, 66–67.

38.
Haythornthwaite,
Source Book
, 83.

39.
Ibid., 86.

40.
Joseph Jobé, ed.,
Guns: An Illustrated History of Artillery
(New York: Cresent, 1971), 164.

41.
Ibid., 89.

42.
Griffith,
Battle Tactics
, 85.

43.
Haythornthwaite,
Source Book
, 74.

44.
Dunn,
War the Infantry Knew
, 167.

45.
Holmes,
Acts of War
, 170. Holmes cites J. T. MacCurdy’s
The Structure of Morale
(1943), with the caveat that “although he marshals no evidence in support of this assertion, it may not be altogether wide of the mark.”

46.
Haythornthwaite,
Source Book
, 87.

47.
Max Arthur,
Forgotten Voices of the Great War: A History of World War I in the Words of the Men and Women Who Were There
(London: Ebury, 2002), 190.

48.
Barbusse,
Under Fire
, 226.

49.
Campbell,
Cannon’s Mouth
, 80.

50.
Passingham,
Kaiser’s Men
, 107.

51.
Dunn,
War the Infantry Knew
, 401.

52.
Jünger,
Storm of Steel
, 227.

53.
Barbusse,
Under Fire
, 196.

54.
Lord Moran,
Anatomy of Courage
(1945; repr., New York: Avery, 1987), 63.

55.
Dunn,
War the Infantry Knew
, 398.

56.
Barbusse,
Under Fire
, 154.

57.
Coppard,
With a Machine Gun
, 38.

58.
Barbusse,
Under Fire
, 46.

59.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 400.

60.
Ibid., 401.

61.
Moran,
Anatomy
, 19.

62.
Coppard,
With a Machine Gun
, 83.

63.
Arthur,
Forgotten Voices
, 103.

64.
Campbell,
Cannon’s Mouth
, 261.

65.
Holmes,
Acts of War
, 186.

66.
Barbusse,
Under Fire
, 297–98.

67.
Holmes,
Acts of War
, 189.

68.
Dunn,
War the Infantry Knew
, 116.

69.
Moran,
Anatomy
, 121.

70.
Passingham,
Kaiser’s Men
, 66.

71.
UK National Archives,
http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk
.

72.
Holmes,
Tommy
, 420.

73.
Griffith,
Battle Tactics
, 118.

74.
“Fatal Exposure to Mustard Gas, WWI,” The Medical Front WWI, WWW Virtual Library,
http://www.vlib.us/medical/gaswar/mustrdpm.htm
.

75.
Holmes,
Acts of War
, 188.

76.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 418.

77.
Quoted in ibid., 425.

78.
Quoted in ibid., 461.

79.
Passingham,
Kaiser’s Men
, 43.

80.
Quoted in ibid., 109.

81.
Quoted in ibid., 162.

82.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 462.

83.
Blaise Cendrars,
Lice
, translated by Nina Rootes (London: Peter Owen, 1973). First published as
La main coupée
, 1946.

84.
Coppard,
With a Machine Gun
, 34–36.

85.
Quoted in Arthur,
Forgotten Voices
, 176.

86.
Dunn,
War the Infantry Knew
, 195–96.

87.
R. C. Sherriff,
Journey’s End
(1929; repr., Oxford: Heinemann, 1993).

88.
Dunn,
War the Infantry Knew
, 150.

89.
Siegfried Sassoon,
Memoirs of an Infantry Officer
(1930; repr., London: Faber, 1944), 166–69.

90.
Graves,
Good-bye
, 111–12.

91.
Passingham,
Kaiser’s Men
, 77.

92.
Coppard,
With a Machine Gun
, 25.

93.
Jünger,
Storm of Steel
, 47.

94.
Dunn,
War the Infantry Knew
, 83.

95.
Graves,
Good-bye
, 113–14.

96.
Haythornthwaite,
Source Book
, 81.

97.
Graves,
Good-bye
, 112.

98.
Quoted in Ellis,
Social History
, 53–54.

99.
David A. Bell,
The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Modern Warfare
(London: Bloomsbury, 2007), 188.

100.
Quoted in ibid., 54.

101.
Sassoon,
Memoirs
, 8.

102.
Holmes,
Tommy
, 382.

103.
Moran,
Anatomy
, 69.

104.
Quoted in Sassoon,
Memoirs
, 11.

105.
Graves,
Good-bye
, 195–96.

106.
Holmes,
Tommy
, 345.

107.
Campbell,
Cannon’s Mouth
, 251.

108.
Holmes,
Tommy
, 548.

109.
Quoted in Haythornthwaite,
Source Book
, 66.

110.
Quoted in Arthur,
Forgotten Voices
, 70–71.

111.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 383.

112.
Quoted in Arthur,
Forgotten Voices
, 70–71.

113.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 413.

114.
Quoted in ibid., 415.

115.
Quoted in ibid., 548.

116.
Dunn,
War the Infantry Knew
, 220.

117.
Jünger,
Storm of Steel
, 241.

118.
Moran,
Anatomy
, 147.

119.
Ibid., 16.

120.
Jünger,
Storm of Steel
, 248.

121.
Graves,
Good-bye
, 134.

122.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 578.

123.
Jünger,
Storm of Steel
, 281–82.

124.
Quoted in Arthur,
Forgotten Voices
, 186–87.

125.
Sassoon,
Memoirs
, 51, 165.

126.
Quoted in Arthur,
Forgotten Voices
, 156.

127.
Manning,
Her Privates We
, 215.

128.
Barbusse,
Under Fire
, 46–47.

129.
Manning,
Her Privates We
, 13.

130.
Moran,
Anatomy
, 127.

131.
Jünger,
Storm of Steel
, 98.

132.
Barbusse,
Under Fire
, 28.

133.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 452.

134.
Quoted in Passingham,
Kaiser’s Men
, 42.

135.
Quoted in Arthur,
Forgotten Voices
, 162.

136.
Graves,
Good-bye
, 97.

137.
Dunn,
War the Infantry Knew
, 80.

138.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 63.

139.
Quoted in Arthur,
Forgotten Voices
, 165.

140.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 322.

141.
Quoted in Peter E. Hodgkinson, “Clearing the Dead,”
Journal of the Centre for First World War Studies
3, no. 1 (September 2007): 49.

142.
Coppard,
With a Machine Gun
, 114–15.

143.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 46.

144.
Sassoon,
Memoirs
, 58.

145.
Jünger,
Storm of Steel
, 85.

146.
Patrick Creagh, trans.,
Giuseppe Ungaretti: Selected Poems
(London: Penguin, 1971), 28.

147.
Sassoon,
Memoirs
, 157.

148.
Barbusse,
Under Fire
, 246.

149.
Quoted in Passingham,
Kaiser’s Men
, 11.

150.
Moran,
Anatomy
, 148–49.

151.
Ibid., 116.

152.
Barbusse,
Under Fire
, 245.

153.
Manning,
Her Privates We
, 116.

154.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 551.

155.
Moran,
Anatomy
, 121.

156.
Haythornthwaite,
Source Book
, 135.

157.
Quoted in Holmes,
Tommy
, 84.

158.
Sassoon,
Memoirs
, 153.