The Locavore's Dilemma (37 page)
Read The Locavore's Dilemma Online
Authors: Pierre Desrochers
46
We visited the site in 2010. The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site's website can be found at
http://cahokiamounds.org/
.
We visited the site in 2010. The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site's website can be found at
http://cahokiamounds.org/
.
47
Because our aim in the following paragraphs is limited to the importance of transportation and economic development as they relate to food security, we limit ourselves to generally agreed upon facts rather than more controversial political debates (e.g., the impact of the land tenure system on peasant behavior, British trade policy and the nature and the actual scope and impact of public relief efforts). Concise discussions and further references on the subject can be found in Ellen Messer. 2000. “Potatoes (White).” In Kenneth F. Kipple and Kriemhild Coneè Ornelas (eds).
The Cambridge World History of Food
. Cambridge University Press
http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/potatoes.htm
; and Cormac à Gráda. 2009. “Irish Famine” in Cutler J. Cleveland.
Encyclopedia of the Earth
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Irish_famine?topic=49465
. For a more sophisticated analysis of the subjects dealt with in the following paragraphs, including the impact of the potato blight in other European countries, see Cormac à Gráda, Richard Paping and Eric Vanhaute. 2007.
When the Potato Failed: Causes and Effects of the âLast' European Subsistence Crisis.
Brepols.
Because our aim in the following paragraphs is limited to the importance of transportation and economic development as they relate to food security, we limit ourselves to generally agreed upon facts rather than more controversial political debates (e.g., the impact of the land tenure system on peasant behavior, British trade policy and the nature and the actual scope and impact of public relief efforts). Concise discussions and further references on the subject can be found in Ellen Messer. 2000. “Potatoes (White).” In Kenneth F. Kipple and Kriemhild Coneè Ornelas (eds).
The Cambridge World History of Food
. Cambridge University Press
http://www.cambridge.org/us/books/kiple/potatoes.htm
; and Cormac à Gráda. 2009. “Irish Famine” in Cutler J. Cleveland.
Encyclopedia of the Earth
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Irish_famine?topic=49465
. For a more sophisticated analysis of the subjects dealt with in the following paragraphs, including the impact of the potato blight in other European countries, see Cormac à Gráda, Richard Paping and Eric Vanhaute. 2007.
When the Potato Failed: Causes and Effects of the âLast' European Subsistence Crisis.
Brepols.
48
Joseph T. Leydon. 1995. “The Irish Provision Trade to the Caribbean, c. 1650â1780: An Historical Geography.” PhD Thesis, University of Toronto; Bertie Mandelblatt. 2007. “A Transatlantic Commodity: Irish Salt Beef in the French Atlantic World.”
History Workshop Journal
63 (1): 18â47.
Joseph T. Leydon. 1995. “The Irish Provision Trade to the Caribbean, c. 1650â1780: An Historical Geography.” PhD Thesis, University of Toronto; Bertie Mandelblatt. 2007. “A Transatlantic Commodity: Irish Salt Beef in the French Atlantic World.”
History Workshop Journal
63 (1): 18â47.
49
Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode. 2008.
Creating Abundance. Biological Innovation and American Agricultural Development.
Cambridge University Press, p. 264.
Alan L. Olmstead and Paul W. Rhode. 2008.
Creating Abundance. Biological Innovation and American Agricultural Development.
Cambridge University Press, p. 264.
50
Joseph Russell Smith. 1919.
The World's Food Resources.
H. Holt & Company, pp. 3â4
http://www.archive.org/details/worldsfoodresour00smituoft
.
Joseph Russell Smith. 1919.
The World's Food Resources.
H. Holt & Company, pp. 3â4
http://www.archive.org/details/worldsfoodresour00smituoft
.
51
Denis Mack Smith. 1981.
Mussolini
. Alfred Knopf, p. 122. For a more detailed account of the “Battaglia del grano,” see also Alexander Nützenadel. 2006. “Dictating Food: Autarchy, Food Provision, and Consumer Politics in Fascist Italy, 1922-1943.” In Frank Trentmann and Flemming Just. 2006.
Food and Conflict in the Age of the Two World Wars.
Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 88â108.
Denis Mack Smith. 1981.
Mussolini
. Alfred Knopf, p. 122. For a more detailed account of the “Battaglia del grano,” see also Alexander Nützenadel. 2006. “Dictating Food: Autarchy, Food Provision, and Consumer Politics in Fascist Italy, 1922-1943.” In Frank Trentmann and Flemming Just. 2006.
Food and Conflict in the Age of the Two World Wars.
Palgrave MacMillan, pp. 88â108.
52
Thomas Wieland. 2009. “Autarky and
Lebensraum
: The Political Agenda of Plant Breeding in Nazi Germany.”
HOST: Journal of the History of Science and Technology
3
http://johost.eu/?oid=3&act=&area=3&ri=1
.
Thomas Wieland. 2009. “Autarky and
Lebensraum
: The Political Agenda of Plant Breeding in Nazi Germany.”
HOST: Journal of the History of Science and Technology
3
http://johost.eu/?oid=3&act=&area=3&ri=1
.
53
Ludwig von Mises. 1949.
Human Action: A Treatise on Economics
Chapter 34: The Economics of War: War and Autarky
http://mises.org/humanaction/chap34sec3.asp
.
Ludwig von Mises. 1949.
Human Action: A Treatise on Economics
Chapter 34: The Economics of War: War and Autarky
http://mises.org/humanaction/chap34sec3.asp
.
54
Adam Smith. 1776.
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
Vol. 1, Book 4, Chapter 2: Of Restraints Upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of Such Goods as Can Be Produced at Home
.
.
http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=237&chapter =212333&layout=html&Itemid=27
.
Adam Smith. 1776.
An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
Vol. 1, Book 4, Chapter 2: Of Restraints Upon the Importation from Foreign Countries of Such Goods as Can Be Produced at Home
.
.
http://oll.libertyfund.org/?option=com_staticxt&staticfile=show.php%3Ftitle=237&chapter =212333&layout=html&Itemid=27
.
55
For much evidence in this respect, see Steven Pinker. 2011.
The Better Angels of our Nature.
Viking.
For much evidence in this respect, see Steven Pinker. 2011.
The Better Angels of our Nature.
Viking.
56
Dennis T. Avery. 2000.
Saving the Planet with Pesticides and Platics,
2nd edition. Hudson Institute, pp. 383â384.
Dennis T. Avery. 2000.
Saving the Planet with Pesticides and Platics,
2nd edition. Hudson Institute, pp. 383â384.
57
We are not concerned here with rationing schemes, price controls, regulations and subsidies. This list was mainly derived from Karl Brandt (with Otto Schiller and Franz Ahlgrimm). 1953.
Management of Agriculture and Food in the German-Occupied and Other Areas of Fortress Europe. A Study in Military Government)
. Stanford University Press; and Mancur Olson. 1963.
The Economics of the Wartime Shortage: A History of British Food Supplies in the Napoleonic War and in World Wars I and II.
Duke University Press.
We are not concerned here with rationing schemes, price controls, regulations and subsidies. This list was mainly derived from Karl Brandt (with Otto Schiller and Franz Ahlgrimm). 1953.
Management of Agriculture and Food in the German-Occupied and Other Areas of Fortress Europe. A Study in Military Government)
. Stanford University Press; and Mancur Olson. 1963.
The Economics of the Wartime Shortage: A History of British Food Supplies in the Napoleonic War and in World Wars I and II.
Duke University Press.
58
This summary account is based on Karl Brandt. 1945.
The Reconstruction of World Agriculture.
W.W. Norton & Company, chapter 1; C. Paul Vincent. 1985.
The Politics of Hunger. The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1915â1919.
Ohio University Press, chapter 5; and Ernest H. Starling. 1920. “The Food Supply of Germany during the War.”
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
83 (2): 225â254. Detailed figures as to the actual performance of German agriculture at the time are available in the latter reference.
This summary account is based on Karl Brandt. 1945.
The Reconstruction of World Agriculture.
W.W. Norton & Company, chapter 1; C. Paul Vincent. 1985.
The Politics of Hunger. The Allied Blockade of Germany, 1915â1919.
Ohio University Press, chapter 5; and Ernest H. Starling. 1920. “The Food Supply of Germany during the War.”
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
83 (2): 225â254. Detailed figures as to the actual performance of German agriculture at the time are available in the latter reference.
60
Ernest H. Starling. 1920. “The Food Supply of Germany during the War.”
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
83 (2): 225â254, p. 230.
Ernest H. Starling. 1920. “The Food Supply of Germany during the War.”
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
83 (2): 225â254, p. 230.
62
Ernest H. Starling. 1920. “The Food Supply of Germany during the War.”
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
83 (2): 225â254, p. 233.
Ernest H. Starling. 1920. “The Food Supply of Germany during the War.”
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
83 (2): 225â254, p. 233.
63
Ernest H. Starling. 1920. “The Food Supply of Germany during the War.”
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
83 (2): 225â254, p. 244.
Ernest H. Starling. 1920. “The Food Supply of Germany during the War.”
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
83 (2): 225â254, p. 244.
64
This section is based for the most part on Karl Brandt (with Otto Schiller and Franz Ahlgrimm). 1953.
Management of Agriculture and Food in the German-Occupied and Other Areas of Fortress Europe. A Study in Military Government
(Volume II of
Germany's Agricultural and Food Policies in World War II)
. Stanford University Press, chapter 20: Denmark, pp. 299â311.
This section is based for the most part on Karl Brandt (with Otto Schiller and Franz Ahlgrimm). 1953.
Management of Agriculture and Food in the German-Occupied and Other Areas of Fortress Europe. A Study in Military Government
(Volume II of
Germany's Agricultural and Food Policies in World War II)
. Stanford University Press, chapter 20: Denmark, pp. 299â311.
65
Karl Brandt (with Otto Schiller and Franz Ahlgrimm). 1953.
Management of Agriculture and Food in the German-Occupied and Other Areas of Fortress Europe. A Study in Military Government
(Volume II of
Germany's Agricultural and Food Policies in World War II)
.Stanford University Press, pp. 300 and 310.
Karl Brandt (with Otto Schiller and Franz Ahlgrimm). 1953.
Management of Agriculture and Food in the German-Occupied and Other Areas of Fortress Europe. A Study in Military Government
(Volume II of
Germany's Agricultural and Food Policies in World War II)
.Stanford University Press, pp. 300 and 310.
66
Based on Ingrid Henriksen. 2006. “An Economic History of Denmark.” In Robert Whaples (ed)
EH.Net Encyclopedia
http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/henriksen.denmark
and Karl Brandt. 1945.
The Reconstruction of World Agriculture.
W. W. Norton & Company Inc, p. 11.
Based on Ingrid Henriksen. 2006. “An Economic History of Denmark.” In Robert Whaples (ed)
EH.Net Encyclopedia
http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/henriksen.denmark
and Karl Brandt. 1945.
The Reconstruction of World Agriculture.
W. W. Norton & Company Inc, p. 11.
68
Karl Brandt (with Otto Schiller and Franz Ahlgrimm). 1953.
Management of Agriculture and Food in the German-Occupied and Other Areas of Fortress Europe. A Study in Military Government
(Volume II of
Germany's Agricultural and Food Policies in World War II)
. Stanford University Press, p. 303.
Karl Brandt (with Otto Schiller and Franz Ahlgrimm). 1953.
Management of Agriculture and Food in the German-Occupied and Other Areas of Fortress Europe. A Study in Military Government
(Volume II of
Germany's Agricultural and Food Policies in World War II)
. Stanford University Press, p. 303.
69
Karl Brandt (Otto Schiller and Franz Ahlgrimm). 1953.
Management of Agriculture and Food in the German-Occupied and Other Areas of Fortress Europe. A Study in Military Government
(Volume II of
Germany's Agricultural and Food Policies in World War II)
. Stanford University Press, p. 310.
Karl Brandt (Otto Schiller and Franz Ahlgrimm). 1953.
Management of Agriculture and Food in the German-Occupied and Other Areas of Fortress Europe. A Study in Military Government
(Volume II of
Germany's Agricultural and Food Policies in World War II)
. Stanford University Press, p. 310.
70
For more detailed introductions to energy issues that expand on the themes developed in this section, see Robert L. Bradley and Richard W. Fulmer. 2004.
Energy: The Master Resource.
Kendall Hunt Publishing Company
http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2008/07/18/energy-the-master-resource/
and Vaclav Smil. 2010.
Energy Myths and Realities: Bringing Science to the Energy Policy Debate.
AEI (American Enterprise Institute) Press.
For more detailed introductions to energy issues that expand on the themes developed in this section, see Robert L. Bradley and Richard W. Fulmer. 2004.
Energy: The Master Resource.
Kendall Hunt Publishing Company
http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/2008/07/18/energy-the-master-resource/
and Vaclav Smil. 2010.
Energy Myths and Realities: Bringing Science to the Energy Policy Debate.
AEI (American Enterprise Institute) Press.
71
See, for instance, World Energy Council. 2010.
2010 Survey of Energy Resources
. World Energy Council
http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/ser_2010_report_1.pdfand
.
See, for instance, World Energy Council. 2010.
2010 Survey of Energy Resources
. World Energy Council
http://www.worldenergy.org/documents/ser_2010_report_1.pdfand
.
72
In short, bunker fuel is what is left once more valuable products such as jet fuel, gasoline and diesel have been extracted from petroleum. The only things denser than this fraction of petroleum are carbon black feedstock and bituminous residue used for paving roads and sealing roofs. Because of the high sulfur content of bunker fuel, container ships are often mandated to switch to less polluting “marine diesel” as they get closer to coastlines.
In short, bunker fuel is what is left once more valuable products such as jet fuel, gasoline and diesel have been extracted from petroleum. The only things denser than this fraction of petroleum are carbon black feedstock and bituminous residue used for paving roads and sealing roofs. Because of the high sulfur content of bunker fuel, container ships are often mandated to switch to less polluting “marine diesel” as they get closer to coastlines.
73
See, among others, Edward D. Porter. 1995. “Are We Running Out of Oil?”
Discussion Paper
#81, American Petroleum Institute
http://www.gisceu.com/epdf_files/U30.PDF
.
See, among others, Edward D. Porter. 1995. “Are We Running Out of Oil?”
Discussion Paper
#81, American Petroleum Institute
http://www.gisceu.com/epdf_files/U30.PDF
.
74
Amy Myers Jaffe. 2011. “The Americas, Not the Middle East, Will Be the World Capital of Energy.”
Foreign Policy
(SeptemberâOctober)
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/the_americas_not_the_middle_east_will_be_the_world_capital_of_energy?page=0,0
.
Amy Myers Jaffe. 2011. “The Americas, Not the Middle East, Will Be the World Capital of Energy.”
Foreign Policy
(SeptemberâOctober)
http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/08/15/the_americas_not_the_middle_east_will_be_the_world_capital_of_energy?page=0,0
.
75
For an accessible survey of the technical literature on the role of international trade in mitigating the effects of climate change, see Gerald Nelson, Amanda Palazzo, Claudia Ringler, Timothy Sulser and MiroslavBatka. 2009.
The Role of International Trade in Climate Change Adaptation
. Issue Brief #4.
ICTSD (International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development) and IF&ATPC (International Food and Agricultural Policy Trade Council)
http://www.agritrade.org/events/documents/IssueBrief4_web.pdf
.
For an accessible survey of the technical literature on the role of international trade in mitigating the effects of climate change, see Gerald Nelson, Amanda Palazzo, Claudia Ringler, Timothy Sulser and MiroslavBatka. 2009.
The Role of International Trade in Climate Change Adaptation
. Issue Brief #4.
ICTSD (International Center for Trade and Sustainable Development) and IF&ATPC (International Food and Agricultural Policy Trade Council)
http://www.agritrade.org/events/documents/IssueBrief4_web.pdf
.
76
Discussions of previous generations' fears of human-induced climate change are found in Hans Von Storch and Nico Stehr. 2006. “Anthropogenic Climate Change: A Reason for Concern since the 18th Century and Earlier.”
Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
88(2): 107-113; and Mike Hulme. 2008. “The Conquering of Climate: Discourse of Fear and Their Dissolution.”
Geographical Journal
174 (1): 5â16. Human-produced carbon dioxide is about 3% of greenhouse gas concentrations if one exclude water vapor, and insignificant if water vapor is included as a greenhouse gas.
Discussions of previous generations' fears of human-induced climate change are found in Hans Von Storch and Nico Stehr. 2006. “Anthropogenic Climate Change: A Reason for Concern since the 18th Century and Earlier.”
Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
88(2): 107-113; and Mike Hulme. 2008. “The Conquering of Climate: Discourse of Fear and Their Dissolution.”
Geographical Journal
174 (1): 5â16. Human-produced carbon dioxide is about 3% of greenhouse gas concentrations if one exclude water vapor, and insignificant if water vapor is included as a greenhouse gas.
77
Dennis Avery. 2011. “Are Climate Models Lying about Food Too?”
Center for Global Food IssuesâLatest News
(May 24)
http://www.cgfi.org/2011/05/are-climate-models-lying-about-food-too-by-dennis-t-avery/
.
Dennis Avery. 2011. “Are Climate Models Lying about Food Too?”
Center for Global Food IssuesâLatest News
(May 24)
http://www.cgfi.org/2011/05/are-climate-models-lying-about-food-too-by-dennis-t-avery/
.
78
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010.
The State of Food Insecurity in the World: Addressing Food Insecurity in Protracted Crises.
FAO
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e.pdf
On a global level, the rural poor are more than three times more numerous than urban poor and rural poverty is twice as prevalent as urban poverty.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2010.
The State of Food Insecurity in the World: Addressing Food Insecurity in Protracted Crises.
FAO
http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e.pdf
On a global level, the rural poor are more than three times more numerous than urban poor and rural poverty is twice as prevalent as urban poverty.
79
FAO. 2009.
How to Feed the World in 2050.
FAO, p. 3
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf
.
FAO. 2009.
How to Feed the World in 2050.
FAO, p. 3
http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/wsfs/docs/expert_paper/How_to_Feed_the_World_in_2050.pdf
.
80
For a concise discussion of the issue in the context of recent agricultural trade liberalization negotiations, see Charlotte Hebebrand and Kristin Wedding. 2010.
The Role of Markets and Trade in Food Security.
Center for Strategic and International Studies
http://csis.org/files/publication/100622_Hebebrand_Role-OfMarkets_WEB.pdf
.
Chapter 6For a concise discussion of the issue in the context of recent agricultural trade liberalization negotiations, see Charlotte Hebebrand and Kristin Wedding. 2010.
The Role of Markets and Trade in Food Security.
Center for Strategic and International Studies
http://csis.org/files/publication/100622_Hebebrand_Role-OfMarkets_WEB.pdf
.
1
“Sophistication” in this context refers to making impure and adulterating.
“Sophistication” in this context refers to making impure and adulterating.
2
Benjamin Franklin. 1786. “The Art of Procuring Pleasant Dreams.” Reprint in Jared Sparks (ed.) 1836.
The Works of Benjamin Franklin, volume 2
. Hilliard, Gray and Company: 171-176, p. 172
http://books.google.ca/books?id=IvE_AAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
.
Benjamin Franklin. 1786. “The Art of Procuring Pleasant Dreams.” Reprint in Jared Sparks (ed.) 1836.
The Works of Benjamin Franklin, volume 2
. Hilliard, Gray and Company: 171-176, p. 172
http://books.google.ca/books?id=IvE_AAAAYAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
.
3
For a much more elaborate discussion of the evolution of the size, shape and capability of the human body in the last three centuries, see Roderick Floud, Robert W. Fogel, Bernard Harris and Sok Chu Hong. 2011.
The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition and Human Development in the Western World since 1700.
Cambridge University Press and National Bureau of Economic Research;
and Timothy Cuff. 2004. “Historical Anthropometrics.” In Robert Whaples (ed.)
EH.Net Encyclopedia
http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/cuff.anthropometric
.
For a much more elaborate discussion of the evolution of the size, shape and capability of the human body in the last three centuries, see Roderick Floud, Robert W. Fogel, Bernard Harris and Sok Chu Hong. 2011.
The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition and Human Development in the Western World since 1700.
Cambridge University Press and National Bureau of Economic Research;
and Timothy Cuff. 2004. “Historical Anthropometrics.” In Robert Whaples (ed.)
EH.Net Encyclopedia
http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/cuff.anthropometric
.
4
Clifford Cook Furnas and Sparkle Moore Furnas. 1937.
Man, Bread and Destiny
. The Williams & Wilkins Company, p. xiii.
Clifford Cook Furnas and Sparkle Moore Furnas. 1937.
Man, Bread and Destiny
. The Williams & Wilkins Company, p. xiii.
6
Brian Murton. 2000. “Famine.” In Kenneth F. Kiple and Kriemhild-ConeèOrnelas.
The Cambridge World History of Food
. Cambridge University Press, pp. 1411â1427, p. 1412.
Brian Murton. 2000. “Famine.” In Kenneth F. Kiple and Kriemhild-ConeèOrnelas.
The Cambridge World History of Food
. Cambridge University Press, pp. 1411â1427, p. 1412.
9
Thomas R. DeGregori. 2002.
Bountiful Harvest: Technology, Food Safety and the Environment
. Cato Institute, p. 93.
Thomas R. DeGregori. 2002.
Bountiful Harvest: Technology, Food Safety and the Environment
. Cato Institute, p. 93.
10
Roderick Floud, Robert W. Fogel, Bernard Harris and Sok Chu Hong. 2011.
The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition and Human Development in the Western World since 1700.
Cambridge University Press and National Bureau of Economic Research, p. 1.
Roderick Floud, Robert W. Fogel, Bernard Harris and Sok Chu Hong. 2011.
The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition and Human Development in the Western World since 1700.
Cambridge University Press and National Bureau of Economic Research, p. 1.
14
Roderick Floud, Robert W. Fogel, Bernard Harris and Sok Chu Hong. 2011.
The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition and Human Development in the Western World since 1700.
Cambridge University Press and National Bureau of Economic Research, p. 5.
Roderick Floud, Robert W. Fogel, Bernard Harris and Sok Chu Hong. 2011.
The Changing Body: Health, Nutrition and Human Development in the Western World since 1700.
Cambridge University Press and National Bureau of Economic Research, p. 5.
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