The Mansion of Happiness (39 page)

54.
“The Playboy Interview: Stanley Kubrick,”
Playboy
, September 1968. The complete interview is reprinted in Castle, ed.,
Stanley Kubrick Archives
, 398–407.

55.
Reviews, diaries, and interviews are reproduced in
The Making of 2001: A Space Odyssey
, selected by Stephanie Schwam (New York: Modern Library, 2000). See especially pp. 5–8 and 83. Clarke’s diary entry for October 3, 1965, appears on p. 40.

56.
On the modeling of the baby, see Castle, ed.,
Stanley Kubrick Archives
, 370.
2001: A Space Odyssey
, directed by Stanley Kubrick (1968; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2007).

57.
Arthur C. Clarke,
2001: A Space Odyssey
(New York: New American Library, 1968), 220–21.

58.
Clarke,
2001
, 221.

59.
Jay Cocks, “SK,” introduction to
The Making of 2001
, xv–xvi.

60.
Schlesinger’s
Vogue
review is quoted in LoBrutto,
Stanley Kubrick
, 311. The remaining reviews are reproduced in
The Making of 2001
, and quotations are taken from 171, 144–47, 274. See also Barry Keith Grant, “Of Men and Monoliths,” in
Stanley Kubrick’s
2001: A Space Odyssey:
New Essays
, edited
by Robert Kolker (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 69–86.

61.
“The Playboy Interview: Stanley Kubrick,”
Playboy
, September 1968. The
Life
review is reproduced in
The Making of 2001
, and the quotation is taken from p. 171.

62.
A replica of “the ultimate trip” movie poster can be found in Castle, ed.,
Stanley Kubrick Archives
, 407.

1.
“Necessity on One Hand, Security on the Other,”
New York Times
, September 1, 2006. Transportation Security Administration, “New Policies for Lighters, Electronics, and Breast Milk,”
http://www.tsa.gov/travelers/sop/index.shtm#milk
. The TSA’s new policy
went into effect on August 4, 2007 (Jeanne Oliver of the TSA to the author, July 25, 2008). The TSA’s shifting policies did not end harassment of nursing mothers, as evidenced by a controversy in November 2010. Roger Ebert, “Update on the TSA Breast Milk Incident,”
Roger Ebert’s Journal
(blog),
Chicago Sun-Times
,
http://blogs.suntimes.com/ebert/politics/nbsp-nbsp.html
.

2.
Jennifer Block, “Move Over, Milk Banks: Facebook and Milk Sharing,”
Time
, November 22, 2010.

3.
“Board Won’t Relent for Breast-feeding Mother,”
Boston Globe
, June 23, 2007.

4.
On milk banks, see Lois Arnold, “Donor Human Milk Banking: Creating Public Health Policy in the 21st Century,” PhD diss., Union Institute and University, 2005.

5.
Milkscreen,
http://www.milkscreen-moms.com/
.

6.
Useful histories include Rima D. Apple,
Mothers and Medicine: A Social History of Infant Feeding, 1890–1950
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987); Valerie Fildes,
Breasts, Bottles, and Babies: A History of Infant Feeding
(Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh
University Press, 1986); Bernice L. Hausman,
Mother’s Milk:
Breastfeeding Controversies in American Culture
(New York: Routledge, 2003); Harvey Leverstein, “ ‘Best for Babies’ or ‘Preventable Infanticide’? The Controversy over Artificial Feeding of Infants in America, 1880–1920,”
Journal of American History
70 (1983): 75–94. And, more broadly, Marilyn Yalom,
A History of the Breast
(New York: Knopf, 1997).

7.
A rare early scholarly study is Maia Boswell-Penc and Kate Boyer, “Expressing Anxiety? Breast Pump Usage in American Wage Workplaces,”
Gender, Place, and Culture
14 (October 2007): 551–67.

8.
“John McCain & Sarah Palin on Shattering the Glass Ceiling: Interview with McCain and Palin,” by Sandra Sobieraj Westfall,
People
, August 29, 2008,
http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20222685,00.html
.

9.
Julie Hirschfeld Davis, Associated Press, “Capital Culture: New Moms Love Capitol ‘Boob Cube,’ ”
Boston Globe
, December 16, 2010.

10.
Kate Zernike, “A Breast-Feeding Plan Mixes Partisan Reactions,”
New York Times
, February 18, 2011.

11.
On Avent’s iQ technology, see
http://www.consumer.philips.com/consumer/en/gb/consumer
/cc/_categoryid_ADVANTAGE_OF_IQ_AR_GB_CONSUMER/
.

12.
Linnaeus’s work was brilliantly reconstructed and analyzed by Londa Schiebinger in “Why Mammals Are Called Mammals,”
American Historical Review
98 (April 1993): 382–411. See also Gunnar Broberg, “
Homo sapiens:
Linnaeus’s Classification of Man,”
Linnaeus: The Man and His Work
, ed. Tore Frangsmyr
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), especially 170–75. On the length of time Linnaeus’s wife nursed, note that one of his maxims was “The newborn should be nourished with mother’s milk for several years” (Heinz Goerke,
Linnaeus
, trans. Denver Lindley [New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973], 119).

13.
Franklin quoted in Samuel X. Radbill, “Centuries of Child Welfare in Philadelphia: Part II, Benjamin Franklin and Pediatrics,”
Philadelphia Medicine
71 (1975): 320. Benjamin Franklin,
The Life of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Written by Himself
(Philadelphia, 1794), 19.

14.
William Gouge,
Of Domesticall Duties
(London, 1622), 507–13. Cotton Mather,
The A, B, C of Religion
(Boston, 1713). John Cotton’s
Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes
was printed in London in 1646, the same year as Robert Abbot’s
Milk for Babes; Or, A Mother’s Catechism for Her Children.

15.
Ruth Perry, “Colonizing the Breast: Sexuality and Maternity in Eighteenth-Century England,”
Journal of the History of Sexuality
2 (1991): 204–34. See also Paula A. Treckel, “Breastfeeding and Maternal Sexuality in Colonial America,”
Journal of Interdisciplinary History
20 (1989): 25–51. Mary Wollestonecraft,
A
Vindication of the Rights of Woman
(Boston, 1782), 256.

16.
Erasmus Darwin,
Zoonomia; or, The Laws of Organic Life
(London, 1794), 1:145. See also George D. Sussman,
Selling Mother’s Milk: The Wet-Nursing Business in France, 1715–1915
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), especially chapter 2.

17.
Daguerreotypes of women breast-feeding are housed in the collections of, among other places, the Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe and the Nelson-Atkins Gallery in Kansas City. On antebellum breast-feeding, see also Sally McMillen, “Mothers’
Sacred Duty: Breast-feeding Patterns Among Middle- and Upper-Class Women in the Antebellum
South,”
Journal of Southern History
51 (1985): 333–56; and Sylvia D. Hoffert,
Private Matters: American Attitudes Toward Childbearing and Infant Nurture in the Urban North, 1800–1860
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989).

18.
Adrienne Berney, “Reforming the Maternal Breast: Infant Feeding and American Culture, 1870–1940,” PhD diss., University of Delaware, 1998, 42. See also Jacqueline H. Wolf,
Don’t Kill Your Baby: Public Health and the Decline of Breastfeeding in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
(Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2001),
31–33.

19.
Joe B. Frantz, “Gail Borden as a Businessman,”
Bulletin of the Business Historical Society
22 (1948): 123–33.

20.
Charles Darwin,
The Descent of Man
(London, 1871), chapter 2.

21.
In Stephen Jay Gould,
The Mismeasure of Man
(New York: Norton, 1981), 35.

22.
Berney, “Reforming the Maternal Breast,” 55, 60–63, 262–72, 140–45.

23.
Janet Golden, “From Wet Nurse Directory to Milk Bank,”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine
62 (1988): 589–605. See also Henry Dwight Chapin, “The Operation of a Breast Milk Dairy,”
Transactions of the American Pediatric Society
25 (1923): 150–55.

24.
Fritz B. Talbot, “An Organization for Supplying Human Milk,”
New England Journal of Medicine
(1928): 610–11; “Directory for Wetnurses,”
New England Journal of Medicine
(1927): 653–54; “The Wetnurse Problem,”
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
(1913): 760–62; “Two Methods of
Obtaining Human Milk for Hospital Use,”
Boston Medical and Surgical Journal
(1911): 304–6. James A. Tobey, “A New Foster-Mother,”
Hygeia
7 (1929): 1110–12. Carrie Hunt McCann, “Manual Breast Expression: The Importance of Teaching It to the Mother,”
American Journal of Nursing
28 (1928): 31–32. More on Talbot can be found in the Fritz B. Talbot Papers, Countway Library, Harvard Medical School.

25.
For an early pump model, see Calvina MacDonald, “Abt’s Electric Breast Pump,”
American Journal of Nursing
25 (1925): 277–80. Storage depended on the rise of freezers, which is discussed in chapter 10, but see also Paul W. Emerson, “The Preservation of Human Milk: Preliminary Notes on the Freezing Process,”
Journal of
Pediatrics
2 (1933): 472–77.

26.
Judy Torgus and Gwen Gotsh, ed.,
The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding
, 7th ed. (Schaumburg, IL: La Leche League International, 2004), 6.

27.
On the Healthy People 2000 objectives, and falling short: “The proportion of all mothers who breastfeed their infants in the early postpartum period increased from 52 percent in 1990 to 62 percent in 1997. For select populations, the rate of early breastfeeding increased over the same period as follows—for Black mothers, from 23 to 41 percent; for Hispanic
mothers, from 48 to 64 percent; for American Indian/Alaska Native mothers, from 47 to 56 percent. The early breastfeeding rate for low-income mothers increased from 35 percent in 1990 to 42 percent in 1996. The year 2000 target is 75 percent.” Department of Health and Human Services, “Progress Review: Maternal and Infant Health,” May 5, 1999,
http://odphp.osophs.dhhs.gov/pubs/hp2000/PROGRVW/
materinfant/maternalprog.htm
. The 2010 report card is available at
http://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/data/reportcard.htm
. See also American Academy of Pediatrics, “Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk,”
Pediatrics
115 (2005): 496–506; and Karen A. Bonuck, “Paucity of Evidence-Based Research on How to Achieve the Healthy People 2010 Goal of Exclusive Breastfeeding,”
Pediatrics
120 (2007): 248–49.

28.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, Pub. L. No. 111–48, §4207 (2010). But see also “Breastfeeding Laws,” National Conference of State Legislatures,
http://www.ncsl.org/default.aspx?tabid=14389
, and U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division,
“Fact Sheet #73: Break Time for Nursing Mothers Under the FLSA,”
http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs73.pdf
.

29.
“Legislative History of Breastfeeding Promotion Requirements in WIC,” USDA Food & Nutrition Service,
http://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/Breastfeeding/bflegishistory.htm
.

30.
On Medela’s website in 2008.

31.
Jodi Kantor, “On the Job, Working Mothers Are Finding a 2-Class System,”
New York Times
, September 1, 2006. Rebecca Adams, “A Place to Pump,”
Washington Post
, May 13, 2008.

32.
Dave Hogan and Michelle Cole, “Political Notebook: Governor Signs Bill for Breast Pump Breaks,”
Oregonian
, May 18, 2007.

33.
Adams, “A Place to Pump.”

34.
Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 2005, H.R. 2122, 109th Cong. (2005).

35.
See, e.g., Lois Arnold, “Global Health Policies That Support the Use of Banked Donor Human Milk: A Human Rights Issue,”
International Breastfeeding Journal
1, no. 26 (2006): 1–8.

36.
David Kocieniewski, “Acne Cream? Tax-Sheltered. Breast Pump? No,”
New York Times
, October 26, 2010.

37.
Zernike, “A Breast-Feeding Plan.”

38.
For more on this question, see Joan B. Wolf, “Is Breast Really Best? Risk and Total Motherhood in the National Breastfeeding Awareness Campaign,”
Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law
32 (2007): 595–636.

39.
“Open Letter to the Department of Health and Human Services Secretary Mike Leavitt,” National Organization for Women
http://www.now.org/issues/mothers/060718breastfeeding.html
.

40.
Medela’s website in 2008 and “2-Phase Expression,” Medela,
http://www.medela.com/IW/en/breastfeeding/research-at-medela/2-phase-expression.html
.

1.
Anne Carroll Moore (hereafter ACM),
My Roads to Childhood: Views and Reviews of Children’s Books
(Boston: Horn Book, 1961). Frances Clarke Sayers,
Anne Carroll Moore: A Biography
(New York: Atheneum, 1972).

2.
Sayers,
Moore
, ix, 105–6, 136. Miriam Braverman,
Youth, Society, and the Public Library
(Chicago: American Library Association, 1979), 14.

3.
ACM,
My Roads to Childhood
, 65. Braverman,
Youth
, 15.

4.
“History of the New York Public Library,” New York Public Library,
http://www.nypl.org/help/about-nypl/history
. On the number of pre-Carnegie and Carnegie branches, see Amy Spaulding, “Moore, Anne Carroll,” in
American National Biography
Online
(2000). Sayers,
Moore
, 140. See also Helen Adams Masten, “The Central Children’s Room,”
Bulletin of the New York Public Library
60 (1956): 554.

5.
John Locke,
Some Thoughts Concerning Education
(London, 1693), 63, 178. On the “discovery of childhood” (which is much debated), see Philippe Ariès,
Centuries of Childhood: A Social History of Family Life
(New York: Vintage, 1962). For an excellent American exploration of this theme, see Karen Calvert,
Children in the House: The
Material Culture of Early Childhood, 1600–1900
(Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992). On Newbery, see Brian Alderson and Felix de Marez Oyens,
Be Merry and Wise: Origins of Children’s Book Publishing in England, 1650–1850
(New York: Pierpont Morgan Library, Bibliographical Society of America, 2006), chapter 5. On American imports of English children’s titles, see E. Jennifer Monaghan,
Learning to Read and Write
in Colonial America
(Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005), chapter 11. On Newbery’s career, see John Rowe Townsend, ed.,
Trade & Plumb-cake for Ever, Huzza! The Life and Work of John Newbery, 1713–1767
(Cambridge: Colt Books, 1994).

6.
Phyllis Dain,
The New York Public Library: A History of Its Founding and Early Years
(New York: New York Public Library, 1972), 300–305.

7.
Masten, “The Central Children’s Room,” 551. George Hutchinson,
In Search of Nella Larsen: A Biography of the Color Line
(Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 171–77. Mary Strang, “Good Labour of Old Days,”
Bulletin of the New York Public Library
60 (1956): 540. Sayers,
Moore
,
68–69. The first registration book was still around in 1986, as it was part of the seventy-fifth-anniversary exhibit. See “75th Anniversary—Children’s Room,” Box 18, NYPL Archives, Branch Libraries, Donnell Papers, Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library.

8.
Sandburg’s testimonial can be found in Box 5, Unnumbered Folder: Commentary About Anne Carroll Moore, ACM Papers, Manuscripts and Archives Division, New York Public Library.

9.
It would have taken anyone else 250 years to do for children what Moore did in twenty-five, Carl Van Doren once told her. Carl Van Doren to ACM, October 14, 1931, Box 4, ACM Papers. Sayers,
Moore
, 30. ACM,
My Roads to Childhood
, 23. Leonard S. Marcus,
Minders of Make-Believe: Idealists, Entrepreneurs, and the Shaping of American Children’s
Literature
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2008), 133. Strang, “Good Labour of Old Days,” 543.

10.
Ursula Nordstrom to Katharine S. White, June 26, 1974, in
Dear Genius: The Letters of Ursula Nordstrom
, collected and edited by Leonard S. Marcus (New York: HarperCollins, 1998), 356–57. “One averted one’s eyes if possible. I remember when I was a child and something awful happened on the street, you know, one didn’t look. Absolutely
didn’t look—and ACM and
Stuart
, well, it was like a dreadful accident, a horse fallen down.” The Moore-White fiasco is reported, in brief, in “Anne Carroll Moore Urged Withdrawal of Stuart Little,”
Library Journal
91 (April 15, 1966): 2187–88, and
School Library Journal
13 (April 1966): 71–72. Julie Cummins, “ ‘Let Her Sound Her Trumpet’: NYPL Children’s Librarians and
Their Impact on the World of Publishing,”
Biblion
4 (1995): 97–98.

11.
Clyde E. Keeler,
The Laboratory Mouse: Its Origin, Heredity, and Culture
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931), 4–6; on mice and heredity, 7–18. Karen A. Rader,
Making Mice: Standardizing Animals for American Biomedical Research, 1900–1955
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004). For biographical details on White
(hereafter EBW), see Scott Elledge,
E. B. White: A Biography
(New York: Norton, 1984).

12.
Katharine Sergeant White (hereafter KSW) to Louise Seaman Bechtel (hereafter LSB), undated day in 1941: “Andy remembers of Mt. Vernon that he was not allowed to draw from any of the children’s shelves until he reached a certain age. He didn’t like it.” Box 43, Folder 658, LSB Papers, Archives and Special Collections, Vassar College.

13.
EBW, “A Winter Walk,”
St. Nicholas Magazine
38 (June 1911), 757. ACM also contributed, though this does not seem worth noting. See ACM, “Making Your Own Library,”
St. Nicholas Magazine
(November 1919), 44–46.

14.
Anne Thaxter Eaton, “Reviewing and Criticism of Children’s Books,”
Bulletin of the New York Public Library
60 (1956): 559. But see also Richard L. Darling,
The Rise of Children’s Book Reviewing in America, 1865–1881
(New York: Bowker, 1968), and ACM, “Writing for Children,” in
My Roads to
Childhood
, 23. On the founding and early history of the Newbery, see Ruth Allen,
Children’s Book Prizes
(Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1998). The Newbery is administered by the Association for Library Service to Children, the descendant of the Club of Children’s Librarians, formed as part of the American Library Association in 1900. ACM was the club’s first chairman. See “History,” American Library Association,
http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/missionhistory/
history/index.cfm
.

15.
Angell’s father read her
Oliver Twist
when she was seven and sent her to the Brookline, Massachusetts, public library, once a week, to choose two books for him. On KSW’s childhood reading, see Linda H. Davis,
Onward and Upward: A Biography of Katharine S. White
(New York: Harper & Row, 1987), 22, 24. Like EBW, she won a silver prize
from
St. Nicholas
—in her case, for a story about a spider, which is neat, when you think about
Charlotte’s Web.
I couldn’t find it, but I didn’t look for long. KSW’s memory of going to the library to pick out books for her father can be found in KSW to LSB, undated 1941, Box 43, Folder 658, LSB Papers, Vassar (“I had to do this because my mother was dead and my father had no time to choose his own books, but read anyway
four nights a week”). She had, from childhood, especially adored Austen. “In my sillier moments,” she once wrote, “I think of Jane Austen as the perfect
New Yorker
writer.”

16.
EBW, “The Librarian Said It Was Bad for Children,”
New York Times
, March 6, 1966. EBW to Eugene Saxton, March 1, 1939, in
Letters of E. B. White
, rev. ed., ed. Martha White, original ed. Dorothy Lobrano Guth (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), 183. He doesn’t call him “Stuart Little” until the revisions in 1938, as far as I
can tell. And, for a while in 1944, he seems to decide to call him “Stuart Ames.” See the original manuscript of “Stuart Little,” EBW Papers, Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University.

17.
Sayers,
Moore
, 171–74, 186. For three letters from ACM signed “Nicholas,” see “Nicholas” to LSB, December 4, 1927; undated; c. 1931; Box 33, LSB Papers, Vassar. ACM had stationery made with a woodcut illustration of Nicholas writing a letter, and for his return address:
“Nicholas Knickerbocker, 476
Fifth Avenue, New York.” The letters are written, at least in places, as if written by Nicholas himself—“I’m the sorriest little Dutch boy you ever knew over your accident”; this from the letter with no date but that LSB has dated 1931.

18.
ACM,
Nicholas: A Manhattan Christmas Story
(New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1924), 4–5.

19.
Sayers,
Moore
, 110, 124–25.

20.
ACM,
My Roads to Childhood
, 339, 365. Dorothy Parker, “Far from Well,”
New Yorker
, October 20, 1928, 98–99, and in
The Portable Dorothy Parker
(New York: Penguin, 1976), 518.

21.
KSW, “Books for the Babies,”
New Yorker
, December 1, 1934, 109–12; “Books for Boys and Girls,”
New Yorker
, December 8, 1934, 142–43.

22.
KSW to LSB, June 24, 1974, Box 43, Folder 662, LSB Papers, Vassar.

23.
Seth Lerer,
Children’s Literature: A Reader’s History from Aesop to Harry Potter
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008).

24.
KSW, “Books for Younger Children,”
New Yorker
, November 30, 1935, 97; “Spring Books for Children,”
New Yorker
, May 13, 1939, 103.

25.
Reproduced in John Kobler,
Luce: His Time, Life and Fortune
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1968), n.p.

26.
Quoted in Alan Brinkley,
The Publisher: Henry Luce and His American Century
(New York: Knopf, 2010), 125.

27.
It included a description of where the magazine got its paper (“It is typical of the great NEW YORKER organization, that it owns and operates today the biggest paper forest in the world, covering 29,000,000 or so acres in Canada, Maine and northern New Jersey, under the close supervision of THE NEW YORKER’s field superintendent, Mr. Eustace Tilley”).
There’s also the visit to the Punctuation Farm (“The periods are set out in shallow pans under glass in early Spring, and carefully watered; and after six weeks of sunshine each sends down a tiny root no bigger than a bean (,) which is called a
comma
”). Corey Ford, “The Construction of Our Sentences,”
New Yorker
, October 10, 1925; “Securing Paper for THE NEW YORKER,”
New Yorker
, August 15, 1925;
“The Magazine’s Punctuation Farm,”
New Yorker
, October 17, 1925.

28.
Quoted in Roy Hoopes,
Ralph Ingersoll: A Biography
(New York: Atheneum, 1985), 116.

29.
Wolcott Gibbs, “Time . . . Fortune . . . Life . . . Luce,”
New Yorker
, November 28, 1936. “Magazine Proposal: True Crime” dated 1937–38, Box 24,
New Yorker
Records, New York Public Library. On the rivalry, see Jill Lepore,
“Untimely,”
New Yorker
, April 19, 2010.

30.
“Cancer Army,”
Time
, March 22, 1937. C. C. Little, “A New Deal for Mice: Why Mice Are Used in Research on Human Diseases,”
Scientific American
152 (1935): 16–18. See Rader,
Making Mice
, 135, 152–53.

31.
Luce quoted in Brinkley,
The Publisher
, 214, 219, 222–23.

32.
The letter is reprinted in the issue itself. The Editors, “This Announcement,”
Life
, April 11, 1938. These remarkable pictures, the editors promised, “will be printed on the four centre pages, easily removable if you wish. The final decision must, of
course, be yours.” The issue was vetted by the
U.S. Postal Service before it was published. P. T. Prentice to Mr. Hinerfeld, April 6, 1938, “Birth of a Baby” file, Time Inc. Archives.

33.
P. T. Prentice to Mr. Larsen, memo, April 16, 1938, “Birth of a Baby” file, Time Inc. Archives. The plan, including the proposed band taped around newsstand copies, is detailed in Roy E. Larsen, “Random Thoughts on Use of ‘Birth of a Baby,’ ” typescript, March 24, 1938. On the letters, see copies in the Time Inc. files and
also O. P. Swift to Walter K. Belknap, “Birth of a Baby Letter to Newspapermen,” memo, April 2, 1938; Swift to Belknap, “Birth of a Baby Woman’s Letter,” memo, April 2, 1938, “Birth of a Baby” file, Time Inc. Archives. The magazine kept careful track of readers’ response. See Anna Goldsborough to Mary Fraser, “Unfavorable letters received on ‘The Birth of a Baby,’ ” memo, June 7,
1938; Anna Goldsborough to C. D. Jackson, “Unfavorable letters received on ‘The Birth of a Baby,’ ” memo, June 13, 1938, “Birth of a Baby” file, Time Inc. Archives.

34.
“She is the star”: John Thorndike to Sheldon Luce, memo, April 4, 1938, “Birth of a Baby” file, Time Inc. Archives.

35.
“The Birth of a Baby,”
Life
, April 11, 1938.

36.
G. Sugarman to Mr. Longwell, April 6, 1938, memo, “Birth of a Baby” file, Time Inc. Archives.

37.
Dr. George Gallup, “America Speaks,”
Atlanta Constitution
, April 22, 1938. Geraldine Sartain, “The Cinema Explodes the Stork Myth,”
Journal of Educational Sociology
12 (November 1938): 142–46; quotation on 144.

38.
Reports of bans can be found in a scrapbook of news clippings at the Time Inc. Archives, but for a list of cities, see Paul Young to C. D. Jackson, April 15, 1938, memo, “Birth of a Baby” file, Time Inc. Archives. “The Birth of a Baby,”
American News Trade Journal
, May 1938. UP Wire Service, April 8, 1938, “Birth of a
Baby” file, Time Inc. Archives. William R. Matthews, editor and publisher,
Arizona Daily Star
, to
Life
, telegram, April 8, 1938, “Birth of a Baby” file, Time Inc. Archives. UP Wire service, April 8, 1938, teletype, “Birth of a Baby” file, Time Inc. Archives. “Wide Ban on ‘Life’ for Birth Pictures,”
New York Times
, April 9, 1938. See also “Childbirth Photos Held Not Obscene,”
Atlanta Constitution
, April 9, 1938, and “ ‘Life’ Ban Spreads to Pennsylvania,”
New York Times
, April 10, 1938.